Ann Rehabil Med > Volume 40(4); 2016 > Article |
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or numbers.
NEST, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; CST, conventional swallowing training; TBI, traumatic brain injury; PAS, penetration-aspiration scale; FDS, functional dysphagia scale; ASHA NOMS, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System swallowing scale; GRBAS, grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain; NHR, noise-to-harmonic ratio; SPI, soft phonation index; MPT, maximal phonation time; MFR, mean flow rate; SPL, sound pressure level; Psub, subglottic pressure; PE, phonation efficiency; PR, phonation resistance
a)Mann-Whitney U test, b)Fisher's exact test.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
NEST, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; CST, conventional swallowing training; NHR, noise-to-harmonic ratio; SPI, soft phonation index; T0, baseline; T1, 2 weeks after initiation of study; T2, 4 weeks after initiation of study; NS, non-specific.
*p<0.05 by repeated-measures ANOVA.
**p<0.025 by Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
NEST, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; CST, conventional swallowing training; MPT, maximal phonation time; MFR, mean flow rate; SPL, sound pressure level; Psub, subglottic pressure; PE, phonation efficiency; PR, phonation resistance; T0, baseline; T1, 2 weeks after initiation of study; T2, 4 weeks after initiation of study; NS, non-specific.
*p<0.05 by repeated-measures ANOVA.
**p<0.025 by Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction.
***p<0.017 by Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
NEST, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; CST, conventional swallowing training; PAS, penetration-aspiration scale; FDS, functional dysphagia scale; ASHA NOMS, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System swallowing scale; T0, baseline; T1, 2 weeks after initiation of study; T2, 4 weeks after initiation of study.
*p<0.05 by repeated-measures ANOVA.