Abstract
-
Objective
To estimate the effects of a relatively protruded head and neck posture on postural balance, in computer based worker.
-
Method
Thirty participants, who work with computers for over 6 hrs per day (Group I), and thirty participants, who rarely work with computers (Group II), were enrolled. The head and neck posture was measured by estimating angles A and B. A being the angle between the tragus of the ear, the lateral canthus of the eye, and horizontal line and B the angle between the C7 spinous process, the tragus of the ear, and the horizontal line. The severity of head protrusion with neck extension was assessed by the subtraction of angle A from angle B. We also measured the center of gravity (COG) and postural balance by using computerized dynamic posturography to determine the effect of computer-based work on postural balance.
-
Results
Results indicated that group I had a relatively more protruded head with extensive neck posture (angle B-A of group I and group II, 28.2±8.3, 32.9±6.0; p<.05). The COG of group I tended more toward the anterior than that of group II. Postural imbalance and impaired ability to regulate movement in forward and backward direction were also found.
-
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that forward head postures during computer-based work may contribute to some disturbance in the balance of healthy adults. These results could be applied to education programs regarding correct postures when working at a computer for extended periods of time.
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Keywords: Turtle neck, Center of gravity, Postural balance
INTRODUCTION
These days, processing a large amount of data, and maintaining a global database using a a computer (commonly called visual display terminal (VDT)) is becoming increasingly popular.
1 According to the National Statistical Office, with an increasing amount of people in possession of a computer, and an extended internet network, the weekly mean time that a person will spend at a computer has dramatically increased, from 5.9 hours in 1997 to 14.6 hours in 2003. Also, 56.2% of computer users use the machine for 10 hours a week or more. Computers improve work productivity and efficiency, but, on the other hand, using them excessively can result in VDT syndrome, with, complaints of musculoskeletal pains, visual disorders, headache, and other symptoms. Among these complaints, musculoskeletal problems is the most common.
2-
4 Regarding this, the World Health Organization defines work-related musculoskeletal disorders as 'injuries in muscles, tendons, peripheral nerves, and vascular vessels, possibly caused by, precedent to, or worsened by repetitive or continuous use of a certain body part'.
5
Among the effects of using a computer on the musculoskeletal system, keeping a posture of staring at a monitor, located below the height of eyesight, for a long time makes the head move forward, which causes exaggerated anterior curve in the lower cervical vertebrae and exaggerated posterior curve in the upper thoracic vertebrae to maintain balance; this is known as the forward head posture (turtle neck posture).
6-
9 This turtle neck posture are becoming increasingly commonly, as it is becoming more common place to use VDTs in the leaning forward posture, particularly with the popularization of Smart phones.
Szeto et al.
8 and Moore
9 stated that maintaining the head forward for long periods of time may cause musculoskeletal disorders such as 'upper crossed syndrome', which involves having reduced lordosis of the lower cervical, in conjunction with kyphosis of the upper thoracic vertebrae. Burgess-Limerick et al.
10 suggested that such posture causes shortening of muscular fibers around articulation atlantooccipitalis and overstretching of muscles around joints and thus possibly chronic neck pain. In addition, Silva et al.
11 reported, in a comparative study with people with and without non-traumatic neck pain, that patients complaining of non-traumatic neck pain tend to keep the forward head posture, when compared to people without pain. Griegel-Morris et al.
12 stated that the forward head posture may affect not only neck but also the thoracic spine and shoulder blade, possibly causing overall imbalance in the musculoskeletal system.
Chester
13 reported that severe neck pain was associated with decreased balancing ability. Panzer et al. reported that neck trauma or vestibular impairment contributed to abnormal biofeedback, the function of maintaining body balance. Additionally, it might change torque required to maintain posture, which is associated with reduced balance controlling ability. Moreover, Barrett et al.
14 reported that pains or inflammation reduced sense in joints and thereby abnormal proprioception, which led to posture imbalance.
Previous studies reported that poor working postures with a computer, for long periods of time, are associated with neck pain due to musculoskeletal disorder.
5 Other studies regarding balance reported that reduced sensation of joints is a major contributor to reducing balancing ability.
14 However, there have been no studies directly evaluating the effects of using computers on balancing ability; studies have evaluated only balancing ability, regarding the neck, mainly in patients complaining of pain.
15 Also, they have not used objective measures to quantify body sway.
Therefore, this study aims to quantify neck postures of individuals who heavily use computer, to determine whether they actually have the forward head posture with comparison to a control group and to then evaluate balancing ability of heavy computer users under the assumption that they may show decreased body balancing ability, even if they do not complain of pain. The Balance Master® system (NeuroCom®, Oregon, USA) that measures body sway in an objective manner and identifies the center of gravity, will be utilized.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study sample
This study was conducted with normal adults aged between 30 and 40 with no abnormal finding confirmed through physical examination and cervical radiology examination, in our rehabilitation department. Through survey, 30 computer workers who had used a computer for greater than or equal to 6 hours, over the course of 10 years, were identified and allocated to the experimental group (Group I). Another 30 healthy adults, whose daily computer usage totaled only about 1 hour, were used as the control group (Group II), with consideration to age and gender. Individuals with a history of treatment for cervical, thoracic or lumbar disorders, and current conditions of joint pains in ankles, knees, or hips, as well as limited mobility that could affect body balancing ability, were excluded from the study. All participants were fully briefed about the study's purpose, before giving their written consent.
Study method
To replicate the usual neck posture of office workers using computers, three pictures were taken from their lateral side at 2 hours after using a computer in both experimental and control groups. On the lateral picture taken during their computer operations, the monitor-facing angle (Angle A) was defined by drawing a line from the tragus of ear to the lateral canthus of the eye and the horizontal line of the tragus. The angle of cervical curve (Angle B) was defined as the angle between a line drawn from the spinous process of the C7 to the tragus and a horizontal line of the C7 spinous process. The difference, subtracting Angle A from Angle B, was a parameter to quantify severity of forward head posture (
Fig. 1).
11,
16,
17
Using a foot pressure measurement system, Gait View®, subjects' centers of gravity (COG) in both static and dynamic conditions were measured. This was repeated 3 times. The means of the resulting values of COG in both static and dynamic conditions were calculated and compared between groups.
18
The balancing ability test employed the SMART Balance Master® system for quantification. The test procedures were fully explained to subjects the day before the test. Among assessment programs the of Balance Master® system, the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and Limit of Stability (LOS), evaluating motor control ability, were used in this study.
19,
20
The SMART Balance Master® system consists of two force platforms, a screen, and a main body of the computer. Subjects take off their shoes and stand with both legs on the center of two plates, then stare at the front monitor with folded arms. A preliminary trial was conducted in order to practice the test posture before starting the test.
SOT measures subjects' postural stability, how much they are swaying forward or backward from the center of gravity, while they maintain a standing posture for 20 seconds under each of 6 conditions, with a fixed/swaying force platform, open/closed eyes, and a fixed/moving screen. Condition 1 was a fixed force platform and a fixed screen, with open eyes; Condition 2 was a fixed force platform and a fixed screen, with closed eyes; Condition 3 a was fixed force platform and a moving screen, with open eyes; Condition 4 was a swaying force platform and a moving screen, with open eyes; Condition 5 was a swaying force platform and a fixed screen, with closed eyes; and Condition 6 was a swaying force platform and a moving screen with open eyes (
Table 1,
Fig. 2). Here, the COG sway was measured under three trials of each condition, and the measured sway was expressed in terms of an Equilibrium score (EQ).
The LOS test for motor control ability evaluation is a program to assess subjects' abilities to move their COG to fixed target points in a total of 8 directions: front, back, right, left, and each diagonal direction with five parameters of reaction time, movement velocity, directional control, endpoint excursion, and maximum excursion.
The evaluations above were conducted for both groups sequentially and were completed within 2 hours individuals had been using a computer. In statistical analysis, to compare mean results of neck angle, center of gravity, and balancing ability between groups, an independent t-test was used. To determine the effects of the severity of a forward head posture and the center of gravity on balancing ability, Pearson's correlation method was employed. The statistical significance was established at p<0.05.
RESULTS
General characteristics of study population
In the experimental group, the mean age of participants was 34.9 years, their daily mean hours using a computer was 6.4, and the mean service years in a computer-related occupation was 11.5 years;in the control group, the mean age of participants was 35.2 years, and their daily mean hours using a computer totaled fewer than 1. Mean height was 173.6±6.2 cm and 173±6.7 cm respectively. Mean weight was 71.2±2.4 kg and 72.3±4.5 kg respectively (
Table 2).
After taking pictures from a lateral position during computer operation, the monitor-facing angle (Angle A) and the angle of the cervical curve from the C7 spinous process (Angle B) were determined. By subtracting Angle A from Angle B, the severity of the forward head posture was quantified, showing that the experiment group had statistically significant low values for Angle B minus Angle A (
Table 3).
Using a foot pressure measurement system, the center of gravity (COG) was measured in static and dynamic status. This showed that the experimental group had their COG in a relatively anterior location compared to the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (
Table 3).
In the SOT assessing balancing ability, the experimental group had significantly lower equilibrium scores (EQ) in Conditions 5 and 6, compared to the control group (
Table 3). Also, in the LOS test, the experiment group had significantly lower scores for movement velocity, maximum excursion, and endpoint excursion (
Table 4).
The severity of forward head posture was meaningfully associated with changed COG in the anterior direction in static and dynamic conditions. In parameters to assess balancing ability, SOT condition 6 was seen to be related to the severity of a forward head posture (p<0.05). In addition, while a changed COG in the anterior direction under static conditions was associated with balancing ability in SOT condition 6 only (p<0.05), the anterior movement of COG under dynamic conditions showed a meaningful relationship with balancing ability in conditions 5 and 6 (
Table 5).
DISCUSSION
The forward head syndrome is one of several VDT (Visual Display Terminals) syndromes and is commonly found in computer users who work in a consistent posture for extended periods of time. To assess head and neck postures of subjects, lateral pictures were taken and then the angle of cervical curve and the monitor-facing angles were measured. This method has been frequently utilized in previous studies, including studies by Sliva and Harrison.
11,
16,
17 Heavy computer users, who use a computer for at least 6 hours daily over a 10 year period, showed statistically reduced values in Angle (B-A), compared to the control group. A more severely protruded head causes a more decreased angle of cervical flextion (Angle B) and an increased staring angle (Angle A); thus, Angle (B-A) is reduced. Due to the protruded head toward the anterior direction and an increased staring angle (Angle A), the upper cervical vertebrae comes under extension moment. This causes a transition of COG to the anterior direction under both static and dynamic conditions.
Maintaining balance is affected by many factors, including vision, proprioception, inner ear and vestibular function, cerebellum function, feet location on a surface, difference in length of both legs, muscular strength of legs, medication, aging, heartbeat or respiration, various musculoskeletal disorders, and hearing sense.
21 This study showed that heavy computer user had significantly decreased ability to control posture and mobility, compared to the control group, even though they do not necessarily complain of severe pain caused by musculoskeletal disorders such as myofascial pain syndrome or herniated disc.
The computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) used to evaluate balance maintenance was developed by Nashner et al. in 1986, and many studies have been conducted using this. Although some have reported negative aspects in clinical application, the CDP, in general, is useful for selective and comprehensive evaluation of sensory and motor systems. It is unlike conventional methods and thus has been widely used in clinical settings.
19,
20
This study evaluated subjects' abilities to control body posture and mobility, using Balance Master® system. SOT, a program evaluating how well subjects can control their posture under 6 conditions, showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in conditions 1, 2, 3, and 4; however, in conditions 5 and 6, decreased balancing ability was found in the experimental group, compared to the control, with EQ that was significantly related to the severity of a forward head posture and anterior movement of COG. People maintain their body balance with their hips and ankle joints, by obtaining information about balance through somatic sensory, visual, and vestibular systems,
21-
23 then organizing the information with a composition process in the central nerve system. For the critical information for balancing obtained from somatic sensory, visual, and vestibular systems, condition 5 utilized a swaying platform and closed eyes to block visual clues and induce confusion of somatic sensory, in order to examine balancing ability achieved by the vestibular system only. Unlike condition 5, condition 6, in spite of open eyes, offers false visual information with a moving screen in the forward and backward positions. Such sensory that causes confusion, instead of helping recognition for equilibrium, is called confusion sensory.
20
According to Dornan et al.,
23 visual recognition is a key factor in maintaining posture and balance in the static condition. Therefore, although computer-based workers have reduced balancing ability, as long as the level is not significant, their slight defect is not revealed under conditions in which they can use their normal somatic sensory, visual, and vestibular systems for balancing, such as in condition 1, 2 and 3 of the static condition with a fixed platform, and condition 4, with a swaying platform but with open eyes. However, when critical information for balancing is blocked, like in conditions 5 and 6 (in other words, under situations where individuals cannot maintain balance easily), this significantly reduces posture control ability, compared to the control group.
In the LOS test for motor control ability assessment, the experimental group showed reduced motor control ability, with significantly lower scores in movement velocity, maximum excursion, and endpoint excursion, with the exceptions of reaction time and directional control. The center of gravity determined by Gait View® was moved forward, with results of 53.6% and 58.5% in static and dynamic condition respectively. The experimental group showed the larger change in COG to the anterior direction compared with the control group (50.5% and 53.7%, respectively). Forward COG causes extended stretching of ankle joints to maintain body balance, and the stretched ankle joints restrict movement of knee and hip joints.
24 Therefore, the experiment group has more restricted movement capacity of the lower limb joints than the control group, which makes it difficult to control velocity in anteroposterior body sway and also to lean the body to the maximum extent while maintaining balance. Reaction time involves measuring time of the first body movement after starting the test, which shows how quickly the body organizes input sensory information in the central nerve and shows an output body reaction. As gender and age were controlled for, and other disorders that may affect balance were excluded, there were no significant differences in reaction times. In spite of the exaggeratedly anterior location of COG with a protruded head, absence of body asymmetry in the right and left sides contribute to maintaining the ability to control direction and movement in the other direction; no significant intergroup difference was found.
In previous studies, Ming et al.
25 explored repetitive use of computers for an extended period of time and the neck and shoulder pain that can be related to, and caused by, computer use (NSPRCU), Poole et al.
15 reported that patients with neck pain showed decreased ability in maintaining balance and gait. However, this study revealed that heavy computer users have relatively protruded heads and their COG were shifted anteriorly to maintain balance. In quantification of their balancing abilities, these individuals had posture imbalance and relatively reduced motor control ability.
Screening the participants revealed that heavy computer users were mostly office workers, and their usual exercise levels were not included; this may have resulted in a potential screening-related error. Moreover, although physical and radiological examinations were conducted in order to exclude cervical disorders that may affect balancing ability, precise tests such as an MRI were not used; it is a limit of the study that it cannot definitely rule out the possible presence of musculoskeletal disorder.
CONCLUSION
This study indicates that heavy computer users tend to have a more protruded head than the control group, and the foot pressure measurement system and Balance Master® system confirmed that their COG was moved forward and their balancing ability was reduced. Therefore, this study is expected to support existing data and further emphasize the importance of good posture education and stretching exercises whilst using a computer and common VDTs such as Smart phones. There remains a need for further study in order to understand the effects of posture education on the incidence of musculoskeletal complications in heavy computer users.
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Fig. 1A is the angle between the tragus of the ear, the lateral canthus of the eye, and the horizontal line of the tragus. B is the angle between C7, the tragus of the ear, and the horizontal line of the C7 spinous process. The severity of the turtle neck posture was assessed by substraction of the angle A and from the angle B.
Fig. 2Six conditions of sensory organization test (SOT)
Table 1Six Conditions of Sensory Organization Test
Table 2General Characteristics of Participants
Table 3The Comparison of Head and Neck Posture, COG, SOT (EQ Score)
Table 4
Table 5Correlation between Head and Neck Posture, COG and Postural Balance
Figure & Data
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Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal.2023; 6(3): 360. CrossRef - Comparison of Immediate Feedback in The Sitting Position of A Normal Adult and The Spine Angle in Two Other Sitting Conditions
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Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science.2017; 6(1): 33. CrossRef - Effects of elastic band exercise on subjects with rounded shoulder posture and forward head posture
Tae-Woon Kim, Da-In An, Hye-Yun Lee, Ho-Young Jeong, Dong-Hyun Kim, Yun-Hee Sung
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2016; 28(6): 1733. CrossRef - Effect of the craniocervical brace on craniocervical angle, thoracic kyphosis angle, and trunk extensor muscle activity during typing in subjects with forward head posture
Tae-Lim Yoon, Heon-Seock Cynn, Sil-Ah Choi, Ji-Hyun Lee, Bong-Sam Chio
Work.2016; 55(1): 163. CrossRef - Effects of Therapeutic Exercise on Posture, Pain and Asymmetric Muscle Activity in a Patient with Forward Head Posture: case report
Kyung-Tae Yoo, Ho-Seong Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2016; 11(1): 71. CrossRef - The effect of feedback respiratory exercise on muscle activity, craniovertebral angle, and neck disability index of the neck flexors of patients with forward head posture
Jeong-il Kang, Dae-Keun Jeong, Hyun Choi
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2016; 28(9): 2477. CrossRef - Effects of Combined Treatment of Chiropractic and PNF Exercise on Musculoskeletal Function in Forward Head Posture Patients
오동건, 성순창, Man-Gyoon Lee
Korean Journal of Sport Science.2016; 27(2): 258. CrossRef - The Effect of Exhalation Breathing Exercise on Respiratory Synergist Muscle Activity and Pulmonary Functions in Patients with Forward Head Posture
Jeong-Il Kang, Dae-Keun Jeong
The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy.2016; 28(2): 149. CrossRef - A Study on Sitting Posture Recognition using Machine Learning
Sangyong Ma, Sangpyo Hong, Hyeon-min Shim, Jang-Woo Kwon, Sangmin Lee
The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers.2016; 65(9): 1557. CrossRef - Comparison of isometric force of the craniocervical flexor and extensor muscles between women with and without forward head posture
Fateme Bokaee, Asghar Rezasoltani, Farideh Dehghan Manshadi, Sedigheh Sadat Naimi, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban, Hadi Azimi
CRANIO®.2016; 34(5): 286. CrossRef - Effect of the Head Support on a Change in Muscle Thickness for Longus Colli and Sternocleidomastoid During Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test in Subjects With Forward Head Posture
Jun-sang Park, Si-jeong Song, Hee-seok Jung, Oh-yun Kwon
Physical Therapy Korea.2016; 23(3): 11. CrossRef - The effect of smartphone usage time on posture and respiratory function
Sang In Jung, Na Kyung Lee, Kyung Woo Kang, Kyoung Kim, Do Youn Lee
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2016; 28(1): 186. CrossRef - Correlation between head posture and proprioceptive function in the cervical region
Min-Sik Yong, Hae-Yong Lee, Mi-Young Lee
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2016; 28(3): 857. CrossRef - Subjective Symptom of Visual Display Terminal Syndrome and State Anxiety in Adolescent Smartphone Users
Soonjoo Park, Jung-wha Choi
International Journal of Contents.2015; 11(4): 31. CrossRef - Respiratory chest movement measurement as a chair quality indicator – preliminary observations
Elżbieta Szczygieł, Katarzyna Zielonka, Tadeusz Mazur, Sylwia Mętel, Joanna Golec
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2015; 21(2): 207. CrossRef - Does a Novel-Developed Product of Wheelchair Incorporating Pelvic Support Prevent Forward Head Posture during Prolonged Sitting?
Hiroshi Goda, Tatsuo Hatta, Hirotoshi Kishigami, Ayaka Suzuki, Tamotsu Ikeda, Deborah Kado
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(11): e0142617. CrossRef - Change of Craniovertebral Angle(CVA) and Respiration on Application Correction Method of Posture and Breathing Accessory Muscle Exercise in Forward Head Posture(FHP)
hyunrae Cho
Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine.2015; 3(3): 89. CrossRef - Global Functioning of COPD Patients With and Without Functional Balance Impairment: An Exploratory Analysis Based on the ICF Framework
Joana Cruz, Alda Marques, Cristina Jácome, Raquel Gabriel, Daniela Figueiredo
COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2015; 12(2): 207. CrossRef - The effect of forward head posture on muscle activity during neck protraction and retraction
Kyeong-Jin Lee, Hee-Young Han, Song-Hee Cheon, So-Hyun Park, Min-Sik Yong
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2015; 27(3): 977. CrossRef - The relationship between smartphone use and subjective musculoskeletal symptoms and university students
Hyo-Jeong Kim, Jin-Seop Kim
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2015; 27(3): 575. CrossRef - Effect of the cervical flexion angle during smart phone use on muscle fatigue of the cervical erector spinae and upper trapezius
Sangyong Lee, Daehee Lee, Jungseo Park
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2015; 27(6): 1847. CrossRef - Changes in upper-extremity muscle activities due to head position in subjects with a forward head posture and rounded shoulders
Jung Won Kwon, Sung Min Son, Na Kyung Lee
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2015; 27(6): 1739. CrossRef - Radiologic Assessment of Forward Head Posture and Its Relation to Myofascial Pain Syndrome
An Sun, Han Gyeol Yeo, Tae Uk Kim, Jung Keun Hyun, Jung Yoon Kim
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2014; 38(6): 821. CrossRef - Pain, Work-related Characteristics, and Psychosocial Factors among Computer Workers at a University Center
Míriam Raquel Meira Mainenti, Lilian Ramiro Felicio, Érika de Carvalho Rodrigues, Dalila Terrinha Ribeiro da Silva, Patrícia Vigário dos Santos
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2014; 26(4): 567. CrossRef - The Comparison of Cervical Repositioning Errors According to Smartphone Addiction Grades
JeonHyeong Lee, KyoChul Seo
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2014; 26(4): 595. CrossRef - Characteristics of Cervical Position Sense in Subjects with Forward Head Posture
Mi-Young Lee, Hae-Yong Lee, Min-Sik Yong
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2014; 26(11): 1741. CrossRef - Effect of Distance Between Trunk and Desk on Forward Head Posture and Muscle Activity of Neck and Shoulder Muscles During Computer Work
Won-Hwee Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2013; 8(4): 601. CrossRef - Influence of the Duration of Smartphone Usage on Flexion Angles of the Cervical and Lumbar Spine and on Reposition Error in the Cervical Spine
Yang-Gon Kim, Min-Hyeok Kang, Ji-Won Kim, Jun-Hyeok Jang, Jae-Seop Oh
Physical Therapy Korea.2013; 20(1): 10. CrossRef - Does forward head posture affect postural control in human healthy volunteers?
Anabela G. Silva, Mark I. Johnson
Gait & Posture.2013; 38(2): 352. CrossRef - Posture Analysis of Various Types of Crutch Gait of Healthy Volunteers
Jeong-Uk Lee, Ju-Hyun Kim, Lim-Kyu Lee, Mee-Young Kim, Seung-Min Yang, Tae-Hyun Lee, Junghwan Kim
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2013; 25(4): 453. CrossRef
