Necessity to Develop a Tool to Evaluate Activity of Daily Living for Electric Powered Indoor/Outdoor Chair Users

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION

According to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, people with functional impairments should have the opportunity to experience personal autonomy, live independent lives, and participate fully in all aspects of life on an equal basis with others. An aid can play an important role in reaching this goal in everyday life by compensating for the persons' functional impairments [1].

In the same context, the demand for using wheelchairs is rising because the number of aged population and acquired disabilities is increasing. Especially, electric-powered wheelchair/scooter users are growing rapidly because of improved welfare policy and gentrified demand for ambulatory assistive devices [2]. According to 2011 Korean National Health Insurance Statistical Yearbook, approximately twelve thousand electric powered indoor/outdoor chairs (EPIOCs) have been provided to disabled persons yearly. The total number of EPIOCs provided is estimated at about eighty thousand, including those provided by National Health Insurance and purchased personally.

A wheelchair not only serves as a fundamental device for indoor and outdoor ambulation, it also enhances ADL and community integration of those who cannot walk independently [3]. Powered wheelchairs are used due to the following reasons: poor muscular endurance, severe musculoskeletal pain, upper extremities range of motion limitation, and coordination disorder to the extent of having difficulty in using manual wheelchairs [4]. EPIOCs can enable long distance trip without effortful propelling push rim. It greatly enhances ADL and social participation for disabled persons who cannot control manual wheelchair due to diverse causes [5,6].

In Korea, EPIOCs have been covered by National Health Insurance since April 2005 for appropriate physically disabled persons who have amputation or range of motion limitation, spinal cord injury, brain lesion, or other severe systemic diseases. Although there are more detailed prescription criteria for each type of disability, the broad principles for prescription of EPIOC were 1) those who cannot walk independently over 100 m with impaired upper extremities function, 2) those who are measured below fair grade of upper extremities on manual muscle test for electric-powered wheelchair and those who are measured over good grade for electric-powered scooter, 3) those who score over 24 in Mini-Mental State Examination, and 4) those who score appropriate Modified Barthel Index (MBI). As shown above, the criteria for prescription of EPIOC is somewhat vague and inappropriate to reflect the actual conditions of disabilities. It can be subjective by the examiner. Moreover, the adequacy of EIPOC for every patient is formally inspected within one month after purchasing EPIOC. However, it is practically difficult to continuously follow-up on functional outcome of using EIPOC. Even if long-term follow-up is capable, a MBI is somewhat inappropriate as an evaluation tool for ADL [7]. This is because MBI is too broad to evaluate specifically EPIOC user's ADL and absent items, such as social activities and psychiatric evaluation.

In the view of rehabilitation, measuring the independency of patients' functional ability at home and in the community is essential. In other literatures, attempts to develop tools for functional assessment for manual wheelchair users have been made [8,9,10,11,12]. However, MBI and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) are used most widely [13,14]. Although MBI and FIM can assess basic ADL and mobility of diverse patient population, these tools are not specific for EPIOC users. A lower score is given to wheelchair ambulation [15]. To our knowledge, consented evaluating tools that focus on EPIOC user's ADL are not currently available. Thus, the aim of this paper is to discuss changes in ADL before and after provision of EPIOCs and problems of ADL evaluation tools currently being used for EPIOC users. This will provide preliminary data to develop ADL evaluation tool for EPIOC user.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospectively, a total of 92 EPIOC users who were prescribed EPIOC at Konkuk University Chungju Hospital from 2010 to 2012 were enrolled in this study. They have been using EPIOC for more than one year. All recruited EPIOC users were invited to the hospital. Face to face evaluation was conducted to increase the reliability of physical exam and survey. A total of 18 users could not visit hospital due to personal affairs. Four users declined to participate. Further exclusion criteria were not necessary for the remaining 70 users because all of them had enough cognitive function to communicate with favorable medical conditions. Through reviewing previous medical records, MBI before provision of EPIOCs and other medical conditions (history, diagnosis, the degree and type of disability, manual muscle test, range of motion, etc.) were available. FIM had not been used in the present hospital. Therefore, FIM score before provision of EPIOC could not be obtained. At the visitation, MBI, a questionnaire, and a general physical examination were conducted. Three other experienced physicians evaluated MBI and FIM scores separately. The averages of scores were used.

Because each tool has a different scale, FIM scores were compared to MBI after converting the measured score to percentage of perfect score. FIM included 13 motor items and 5 cognitive items, each item being graded 1 to 7 points. MBI contained 10 items, each item being graded 0 to 15 points. To convert the motor FIM score to percentage of perfect score, the minimum score 13 was set to 0% and the maximum score 91 was set to 100%. The measured score was then calculated to percentage. The total FIM score (minimum score 18 to 0% and maximum score 126 to 100%) was converted to percentage by the same method.

The questionnaire was composed of 6 categories and 31 questions about general socioeconomic states, currently using state, helpfulness of EPIOCs in terms of social participation and occupational chances, psychiatric influences, self reported degrees of independency and barriers of using EPIOCs, which could not be obtained from medical records. The questions in each category are as follows: socio-economic state (the type of health insurance, monthly income, educational states, occupational states, accommodation, cohabitants, etc.), currently using states (using periods, type of EPIOC, the number of previous EPIOCs, the reason of changing EPIOC, daily using time/distance/purpose), social participation (social participation frequency, type of social activity, presence of leisure or sports activity, accessibility to public facilities), psychiatric influences (confidence, current psychiatric problems, helpfulness of EPIOC for refreshing), difficulties and barriers (tight space, uneven terrain, door management, street crossing, ramp, curb, transfer, dressing, picking up objects, etc.), self-reported independency (How independent I am on a EPIOC? Do you think you will have restriction to perform ADLs if you don't use EPIOC?). The survey was conducted for 5 months from January to May 2013 using the face to face methods. All users provided informed consents. The study protocol was approved by Institutional Review Board of the university hospital.

For statistical data analysis, SPSS ver. 12.0KO for Windows software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. Paired t-test was performed to analyze differences of MBI between before and after provision of EPIOC. Independent t-test was performed to analyze differences between MBI and FIM. For the questionnaire, frequency analysis was performed. In the statistical analysis, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

For the 70 patients who completed the survey, their mean age was 44.6±13.2 years old. The 70 patients included 43 males and 27 females. Cerebral palsy patients were dominant (n=22), followed by spinal cord injury patients (n=19), stroke and traumatic brain injury patients (n=18). Regarding the question about occupational states, only two patients (2.8%) had occupations. One had his own business, the other worked at a social welfare center (Table 1).

Table 1

Demographic factors of participants

Before using EPIOC, the mean MBI was 61.26±4.47. After using EPIOC, mean MBI was 62.50±5.01, which was not significantly different from that before EPIOC. Among MBI categories, there were no significant differences either except the wheelchair category. Before EPIOC was provided, wheelchair ambulation score was 2.85±1.43. After EPIOC was provided, the wheelchair ambulation score was significantly increased to 4.73±0.45 (p<0.001) (Table 2).

Table 2

Mean score and comparison of converted score of MBI and FIM

Comparing MBI to FIM score (after being converted to percentage), the FIM score of 74.67±3.86 was significantly higher than MBI score of 62.50±5.01 (p<0.001). However, motor FIM of 62.89 ± 4.81 was only slightly but not significantly higher than MBI (p>0.05) (Table 2).

In the questionnaire, questions about social participation frequency, helpfulness of EPIOC to confidence, refresh patients' emotion and self-reported degrees of independence were divided into five grades. For the question about how much social participation was increased after using EPIOC, 26 (37.1%) and 26 (37.1%) answered 'much increased' and 'increased', respectively. A total of 52 patients (74.2%) answered positive responses (Fig. 1). For the question about helpfulness of EPIOC to confidence ("How confident you were in performing activity of daily living? Did you feel handicapped when you were on the EPIOC?"), 14 (20.0%) and 21 (30.0%) answered 'very confident, not at all' and 'confident, not', respectively (Fig. 2). For the question about helpfulness of EPIOC in the aspect of refreshing mind, 24 (34.3%) and 23 (23.0%) answered 'highly helpful' and 'helpful', respectively. On the other hand, 15 (21.4%) and 8 (11.4%) answered 'fair' and 'unhelpful', respectively (Fig. 3). For self-reported independency in performing ADLs, 14 (20.0%) and 35 (50.0%) answered 'completely independent' and 'independent', respectively. Overall, a total of 70% answered positive responses. On the other hand, 15 (21.4%) and 6 (8.6%) answered 'substantially dependent' and 'dependent', respectively. No one answered 'completely dependent' (Fig. 4). For question of "If you don't use EPIOC, can you perform outdoor activities?", 62 (88.6%) answered 'I can't', whereas 8 (11.4%) answered 'I can, however, perhaps, I'll undergo much restriction'. Nobody answered 'I can be the same as now' (Fig. 5).

Fig. 1

The percentage of answer to the question "How much social participation was increased after using electric-powered indoor/outdoor chair (EPIOC)?".

Fig. 2

The percentage of answer to the question "How confident you were in performing activity of daily living? Did you feel handicapped when you were on the electricpowered indoor/outdoor chair?"

Fig. 3

The percentage of answer to the question "Are electric-powered indoor/outdoor chair helpful in the aspect of refreshing your mind?"

Fig. 4

The percentage of answer to the question "How independent you are in performing activities of daily living?"

Fig. 5

The percentage of answer to the question "If you don't use electric-powered indoor/outdoor chair, can you perform outdoor activities?".

For the question about problems associated with using EPIOCs, actual using problems (loading in a car, transfer, tight space and curb, incompatibility with architecture or furniture, threshold, etc.), insufficient infrastructures (e.g., road for EPIOC only, ramp, public transportation, etc.), EIPOC's own mechanical problems (e.g., low battery capacity, repair service, recurrent breakdown), and climate conditions remained as dominant complaints (Table 3).

Table 3

Difficulties and barriers to ambulation of EPIOCs

DISCUSSION

Before and after EPIOC was provided, the MBI score was not significantly different. However, the score of wheelchair ambulation category showed a significant increase. Through this result, it is reasonable to conclude that EPIOCs can improve users' ambulatory abilities. However, because the score of the wheelchair category was only five, its influences on the total MBI score was negligible. If the score of the wheelchair ambulation category was high, the result would be different. Although the ambulation using a wheelchair actually has many limitations, the score of five is too small compared to the score of fifteen of the ambulation category. Furthermore, in the present days, social facilities such as paved road, elevator, ramp, and lift enable more convenient wheelchair trip [16]. Development of EPIOC itself also allows users to travel more distance and control more easily. Among Wheelchair Users Functional Assessment (WUFA) which is a functional assessment measure for manual wheelchair users, at least five categories can be improved by using EPIOC, including uneven terrain, door management, street crossing, ramp, curb and reaching function [17].

Although items of MBI did not show significant differences except for the ambulation category, many patients emphasized the importance of transfer activities. Patients said that more independent transfer would allow much higher level of ADL performance. Many patients also complained about difficulties in loading EPIOC to a car because of its heavy weight and impossible folding. Patients needed help to transport EPIOC. They had substantial restrictions in long distance trips. Many patients underestimated delicate control. It should be considered as very important because it is closely related to accidents. Actually, most patients had experienced big and small accidents. Therefore, hand function and dexterity, which are not currently included in the routine ADL evaluation of EPIOC user, should be considered as important factor.

While motor FIM was not significantly differed from MBI, the FIM score was measured to be greater than MBI. This finding might have resulted from the fact that categories such as expression, social interaction, problem solving, and memory were measured to be near perfect scores. Participants of this survey were actually using EPIOC. All users' MMSE scores should be greater than 24 in order to get supports from National Health Insurance. Another reason that motor FIM was measured to be lower than FIM was because when grading score FIM, if one needs aid device, the score cannot over score 6. Moreover, the score 6 can be obtained if one can perform activity completely independently with the device. In other cases, the score is lower [18]. Besides the above mentioned aspects, because one who can drive EPIOC is apt to preserve favorable hand functions, transfer ability, and other functions, the possibility of selection bias thereby cannot be excluded.

Similar to the present study, other researchers also demonstrated that a Barthel index could be derived from the motor items of the FIM which has a good agreement with the directly assessed Barthel score [19,20]. However, their conversion criteria can be applied only to the motor items of FIM. Therefore, the present study cannot help comparing the MBI with FIM by converting to percentage, which is a limitation of the present study.

For question regarding social participation frequency, positive respondents answered they were doing outdoor activities more than three times per week. Social activities consisted stroll, shopping, health service, and meeting friends, etc. EPIOC users were performing such activity mostly without the help of another person. Those activities may provide confidence to EPIOC users and show positive answers to the question "How confident you were in performing activity of daily living? Did you feel handicapped when you were on the EPIOC?". Like the preceding tendency, the question about refreshing emotion showed positive responses. In other literatures, depressed/distressed SCI subjects reported spending more hours in bed, fewer days out of house, and receiving more paid personal care assistance than other subjects [21]. Depressive symptomatology was inversely related to social integration and occupation [22]. Above mentioned results and literatures have a thread connection in that outside activities were correlated with not only emotional states but also overall quality of life of a handicapped person.

Lastly, taking occupational states into consideration is also recommended. In the present study, only 2 patients (2.8%) had occupations. Currently, the low employment rate of the disabled is a social issue. Therefore, prescribing EPIOC to patients with occupations can be a helpful option for the disabled, although they might not be perfectly suitable for the current prescription criteria.

EPIOC users' self-reported independency showed relatively favorable results. It had discrepancy with that of MBI or FIM. The mean MBI score was about sixty, corresponding to moderate disability [15] and 3 (moderate)/6 of disability ratings from Act on Welfare of Persons with Disabilities. Of the participants, complete paraplegia existed, corresponding to 1 (severe)/6 of disability ratings from Act on Welfare of Persons with Disabilities. According to the present results, EPIOC users did not feel disability as handicap when they are performing ADLs with EPIOCs. EPIOC thereby are assumed playing successful role as an extension of the body for ambulation. Considering development of technology in supporting independent living within the community for physically disabled individuals [23,24], assistive device will play important role in overcoming disability so that disabled persons can be more independent.

In conclusion, it is obvious that EPIOC has brought great enhancement in mobility function and quality of life to disabled persons. However, due to the lack of specific evaluation tools for EPIOC, there is a significant gap between ADL levels measured by physicians and actual ADL levels experienced by EPIOC users. Thus, it is necessary to develop evaluation tools specific for EPIOC that will integrate both physical functions and psychosocial as well as occupational aspects.

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