1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
2Department of Neurology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Corresponding author: Bengt Skoog Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. Tel: +46-70-847-2701, Fax: +46-31474263, E-mail: bengt.skoog@vgregion.se
• Received: February 27, 2017 • Accepted: June 5, 2017
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
To investigate dosage changes in intrathecal baclofen during long-term treatment of patients with severe leg spasticity.
Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of 49 patients treated with an intrathecal baclofen pump (ITB) because of severe leg spasticity, for a minimum of 7 years. Eight patients were excluded due to catheter/pump failure or factors aggravating spasticity. Of the remaining 41 patients, 19 had spinal cord injury (SCI) and 22 were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Among the SCI patients, 15 had cervical and 4 thoracic SCI, with 7 patients showing the American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) A and 12 patients with AIS B–D. The dose was regulated by discussion among the patients and their physicians, usually 4–10 times annually, to reduce leg spasticity and also avoid leg/trunk weakness.
Results
After 1 year patients on ITB needed a median dose of 168 mg/24 hr (range, 30–725 mg) for an optimal effect. After 7 to 10 years the dosage needed to reduce leg spasticity in the MS patients was significantly increased compared with the initial dose (mean 157%, n=22 and mean 194%, n=18). In contrast, the SCI patients needed only a modest increase (mean 113% and 121%). The difference between MS and SCI patients was significant (t-test p=0.006 and p=0.004).
Conclusion
The increased dosage in MS patients compared with patients diagnosed with SCI probably reflects the progressive disease course. The need for a large dosage increase in patients with SCI suggests possible pump failure, triggering factors for spasticity or progressive spinal disease.
Involuntary motor activity often follows lesions of motor pathways in the central nervous system. Traditionally spasticity has been assessed by the clinical signs [1]. However a large percentage of patients report involuntary motor activity without the sign of spasticity [2,3]. The definition of spasticity has therefore been suggested to include all involuntary muscle activity following an upper motor neuron lesion [4]. Spasticity is considered problematic if it is perceived by the individual or caregivers “as hindering body function, activities and/or participation” [5].
Spasticity affects a majority of persons with spinal cord injuries (SCI) [2,6], develops during the first months after the injury and persists over a long time after the injury. Intrathecal baclofen administration (ITB) is an effective and safe treatment for severe leg spasticity up to 9 years [7-10]. The dose usually stabilizes after 1–2 years. In contrast to SCI, multiple sclerosis (MS) is usually a progressive disease and the progressive stage invariably includes spastic paraparesis [11]. This spasticity also responds well to ITB [7,12]. Treatment exceeding 7 years improves the Ashworth Scale as well as the Barthel Index [13]. Tolerance to ITB after SCI was reported in up to 22% of patients within 3 years [14] while another study with a longer follow-up failed to show the need for increased dosage in patients with SCI and MS [15]. However, in the latter study the dose changes were estimated by complex statistics and involved a small number of patients with a longer follow-up.
The present study sought to investigate changes in ITB dosage after 7 years of treatment and beyond, and compared the dose evolution in patients with a stable neurological condition (SCI), and in patients with a progressive neurological condition (MS). Since dosages vary considerably between patients, the present study investigated the changes in each individual patient.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective chart review was approved by the Regionala Etikprovningsnamnden i Goteborg, M2 (No. 375-16). Patients were selected if they were treated with ITB over a period of at least 7 years for severe leg spasticity (n=49).
All the patients exhibited severe leg and occasional trunk spasticity and failed to respond effectively to oral baclofen, or showed severe side effects. Indications for ITB treatment include a significantly decreased score on the Ashworth Scale following an intrathecal test dose of baclofen. ITB was initiated in the first patient during 1989 and in the last patient 2008. Pump implantation followed standard procedures with a catheter tip positioned at the low thoracic level. The pump models used were Medtronic SynchroMed EL until 2002 followed by SynchroMed II. The pumps were usually replaced every 5th or 7th year, respectively.
The effect on spasticity was estimated by discussion among patients and their health providers including nurse(s) and physician(s), usually 4–10 times per year, in order to reduce leg spasticity and avoid any increase in leg/trunk weakness. All the physicians were neurologists or experienced residents in neurology. They were all experienced in programming a baclofen pump. If the patient described spasticity during a particular time of the day, the pump was switched to flexdose and programmed to administer a higher dosage during this time. The medical records were reviewed for pump system failures or factors that aggravated spasticity. In the presence of any such problems, the follow-up of dosage changes was terminated 1 year before the event.
Statistics
The dosage one year after the start of ITB was compared with the dosage after 7 and 10 years in each patient. The mean percentage change in SCI patients was compared with that of the MS patients. The significance of the difference was tested by t-test. The t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and univariate analysis of variance were calculated using SPSS version 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
RESULTS
Of the 49 patients with a follow-up of 7 years or longer, eight presented with catheter/pump failure, which aggravated spasticity or mental problems within 7 years after starting pump treatment, which excluded them from the follow-up (Table 1). The most common factor was catheter failure and catheter tip dislodgement.
Of the remaining 41 patients, 19 had SCI and 22 MS. The 19 SCI patients included 15 cervical and 4 thoracic cases. The degree of spinal lesion was estimated by the American Spinal Cord Injury Association impairment score (AIS)—A (n=6), B (n=5), C (n=3), and D (n=3). The disability of patients with MS was estimated by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and ranged from 6.5 to 9.0 at the start of the pump treatment. After 7 years, the EDSS scores increased in 17 of the 21 MS patients (Table 2). In the last follow-up, all the MS patients except one showed severe disability (EDSS 8–9.5).
During the first year after implantation, the dosage was steadily increased to elicit a sustained effect on spasticity. Seven of the MS patients were treated with a dose that varied during the day or night (flex dose) and this regimen was introduced within the first year. The remainder of the patients were treated with the same dose throughout the day and night (continuous). One year after the start of ITB, the SCI patients (Table 3) needed a median daily dose of 260 mg/24 hr (range, 30–725 mg). The MS patients (Table 2) required a lower dose, with a median dosage of 112 mg/24 hr (range, 66–420 mg). The mean dosage for the SCI patients was 257 mg/24 hr (95% confidence interval [CI], 189–325) and for the MS patients 158 mg/24 hr (95% CI, 113–204), and the difference was significant (t-test p=0.02).
Seven and 10 years after initiating the pump treatment, the dosage was only slightly increased in the SCI group (Fig. 1), to median dosages 260 mg/24 hr (n=19) and 276 mg/24 hr (n=19). In contrast, the dosage was considerably increased in the MS group, and the median dosages were 175 mg/24 hr after 7 years (n=22), and 190 mg/24 hr after 10 years (n=18). The dosage in each individual patient of the SCI group (Fig. 2) was increased to a mean of 113% (95% CI, 99–128) after 7 years and to a mean of 121% (95% CI, 104–139) after 10 years compared with the 1-year dosage (Fig. 3). By contrast, in the MS group the corresponding increases after 7 years were 158% (95% CI, 131–184) and after 10 years 194% (95% CI, 153–236). A t-test comparing the percentage change in the SCI and MS groups showed a significant difference between the two groups (7 years, p=0.006 and 10 years, p=0.004). The 7 MS patients with flex dose showed a mean increase to 166% (95% CI, 146–186) after 7 years compared with 153% (95% CI, 116–191) in the 15 MS patients with a continuous daily dose. Both the SCI and MS groups showed low levels of spasticity after 7 and 10 years, reflected by low Ashworth scores (0–1).
A univariate analysis of the changes after 7 years included factors such as gender, patient type (SCI/MS), flex dose and pump change before year 7, and the covariate age at pump initiation. We found that patient type was the only significant factor (p=0.048).
DISCUSSION
The results indicate that the demand for intrathecal baclofen from 1 year after pump start was constant in patients with SCI while increasing in progressive MS disease. At the follow-up after 7 to 10 years, the dosages in MS patients approached those found in the SCI patients. The dose of intrathecal baclofen required for an optimal effect in leg spasticity varied considerably between patients in both the SCI and MS groups, although the mean dosage 1 year after pump start was considerably higher in the SCI patients in accordance with previous studies [10]. The dosage in the SCI patients appeared not to increase significantly at least up to 10 years after implantation assuming that the pump system did not malfunction. By contrast, the MS patients needed successively higher dosages despite increased trunk weakness in a few MS patients preventing an increase in dosage. A similar difference between MS and non-MS patients was found in a 2- to 3-year follow-up [16]. In the present study, the increase of EDSS score reflected the progressive nature of the disease in MS patients. A Norwegian study reported unchanged dosage after 10 years, however, the four patients showed no increase in their EDSS score [12]. Constant dosages were also found in a study followup over 4 to 8 years [17] among progressive and nonprogressive patients, although the changes in EDSS were not reported. In another study with a longer follow-up, no differences were found between MS and SCI patients [15]. In the latter study, all the dosages were included (including patients followed over a shorter time period), and the trend for long-term dosage changes was calculated using a mixed linear effect method. In that study, 30 patients were treated with a pump for 10 years, however, the number of MS and SCI patients was not indicated. Further, the study failed to mention the EDSS of patients who were followed for 7 or 10 years. It is therefore, difficult to appraise the results in that study. The univariate analysis in the present study showed that flex dose or a pump change did not significantly affect the 7-year dosage change. We believe that the increased baclofen dosage in the present study reflects the progressive course of disease in MS and the continuing deterioration of the descending pathways.
A major limitation of the present study relates to the perceived spasticity by the patients or their caregivers, and failed to include a systematic evaluation of the effects of spasticity on major daily activities. The perceived spasticity is strongly dependent on the mental status of the patients [18]. The mental status is commonly altered in MS. The increased dosages detected in the MS patients could also be attributed to pump system malfunction, however, such a systemic failure should also have affected SCI patients. Because of the constant baclofen dosage in SCI patients, a large dosage increase in this patient group should warrant an investigation into a possible pump failure, spasticity trigger factors or progressive spinal disease.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
Conceptualization: Skoog B. Data acquisition: Skoog B, Hedman B. Formal analysis: Skoog B. Funding: Skoog B. Supervision: Skoog B. Writing—original draft: Skoog B. Writing—review & editing: Skoog B, Hedman B.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by Lars Sullivan Foundation. We acknowledge neurosurgeons (Lars-Erik Augustinsson, Björn Meyersson, Olle Corneliusson, Göran Lind, Per Almqvist, Gaston Schechtmann), neurologists (Oluf Andersen, Lars Hylliemark, Pall Ingvarsson, Katarzyna Trok), and pump refill nurses (Berit Holmqvist, Silvia Rocha, Monica Ivarsson).
Fig. 1.
Long-term changes in intrathecal baclofen dosage of patients with spinal cord injury (A) or multiple sclerosis (B). One patient with spinal cord injury had the pump system changed after 20 years (hatched line). AIS, American Spinal Cord Injury Association impairment score.
Fig. 2.
Changes (%) in long-term intrathecal baclofen dosage of patients with spinal cord injury (A) and multiple sclerosis (B). AIS, American Spinal Cord Injury Association impairment score.
Fig. 3.
Comparison of mean intrathecal baclofen dosages between patients with spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. The bars indicate 95% confidence interval.
Table 1.
Patients omitted from follow-up due to pump system malfunction or other factors within 7 years after baclofen pump initiation
Sex
Illness
Age trauma/debut MS (yr)
AIS/type MS
Level
Pump start year after trauma/debut
Problem
Year after pump start
F
SCI
17
C
C6
2
Mental illness, pressure sore
7
M
SCI
41
C
C4
3
Pump infection
7
M
SCI
18
A
C4
16
Pump
7
M
SCI
20
C
T7
8
Catheter
3
M
MS
20
SPMS
-
20
Catheter
5
F
MS
33
SPMS
-
19
Catheter
3
F
MS
19
SPMS
-
18
Catheter
3
M
MS
23
SPMS
-
16
Catheter
5
MS, multiple sclerosis; AIS, American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale; SCI, spinal cord injury; SPMS, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
MS, multiple sclerosis; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; PP, primary progressive MS; SP, secondary progressive MS with unknown progression year; Flex, variable dose during 24 hours started within the first year; Cont, continuous dose (the same dose during 24 hours).
AIS, American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale; Cont, continuous dose (the same dose during 24 hours).
a)Dose before the pump change.
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11. Skoog B, Runmarker B, Winblad S, Ekholm S, Andersen O. A representative cohort of patients with nonprogressive multiple sclerosis at the age of normal life expectancy. Brain 2012;135(Pt 3):900-11.
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16. Nielsen JF, Hansen HJ, Sunde N, Christensen JJ. Evidence of tolerance to baclofen in treatment of severe spasticity with intrathecal baclofen. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2002;104:142-5.
17. Zahavi A, Geertzen JH, Middel B, Staal M, Rietman JS. Long term effect (more than five years) of intrathecal baclofen on impairment, disability, and quality of life in patients with severe spasticity of spinal origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1553-7.
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Intrathecal Baclofen Dosage for Long-Term Treatment of Patients With Spasticity Due to Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries or Multiple Sclerosis
Fig. 1. Long-term changes in intrathecal baclofen dosage of patients with spinal cord injury (A) or multiple sclerosis (B). One patient with spinal cord injury had the pump system changed after 20 years (hatched line). AIS, American Spinal Cord Injury Association impairment score.
Fig. 2. Changes (%) in long-term intrathecal baclofen dosage of patients with spinal cord injury (A) and multiple sclerosis (B). AIS, American Spinal Cord Injury Association impairment score.
Fig. 3. Comparison of mean intrathecal baclofen dosages between patients with spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. The bars indicate 95% confidence interval.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Intrathecal Baclofen Dosage for Long-Term Treatment of Patients With Spasticity Due to Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries or Multiple Sclerosis
Sex
Illness
Age trauma/debut MS (yr)
AIS/type MS
Level
Pump start year after trauma/debut
Problem
Year after pump start
F
SCI
17
C
C6
2
Mental illness, pressure sore
7
M
SCI
41
C
C4
3
Pump infection
7
M
SCI
18
A
C4
16
Pump
7
M
SCI
20
C
T7
8
Catheter
3
M
MS
20
SPMS
-
20
Catheter
5
F
MS
33
SPMS
-
19
Catheter
3
F
MS
19
SPMS
-
18
Catheter
3
M
MS
23
SPMS
-
16
Catheter
5
Sex
MS debut age (yr)
Progress (yr)
Pump disease (yr)
EDSS pump start
Dose year 1
Dose year 7
% change dose
EDSS year seven
Dose pattern
Reason for change
Pump changed year
F
44
PP
6
8.0
420
580
138
8.0
Flex
Stiff evening
8
F
21
4
16
7.0
220
346
157
8.0
Flex
Spasms
8
F
22
11
21
7.0
77
165
214
7.5
Flex
Stiff at night
5
M
42
PP
30
8.0
120
300a)
250
9.5
Cont
Stiffness
7
F
36
6
19
8.0
108
110
102
8.5
Cont
Stiffness
5,10,18
F
35
PP
16
9.0
130
330
254
9.5
Cont
Stiffness
8
M
18
10
19
6.5
70
116
166
7.5
Flex
Stiff at night
6,16
M
25
SP
31
7.0
78
121a)
155
7.5
Cont
Spasticity
End year 7
F
18
SP
36
9.0
80
91a)
114
9.0
Cont
Spasticity
End year 7
M
21
2
11
9.0
139
399
287
9.0
Cont
Flexor spasm
8
F
28
SP
28
8.0
66
85a)
129
9.0
Cont
Stiff morning
7
F
16
SP
29
7.0
89
170
191
8.0
Flex
Spasms at night
5,12
F
29
9
30
7.0
94
105
112
9.0
Cont
Stiffness
8
M
30
SP
19
7.5
259
400
154
8.0
Flex
Spasms morning
3,12
M
30
3
16
8.0
385
473
123
9.0
Cont
Rigidity
8
M
19
10
28
8.0
115
165
143
9.0
Flex
Spasms
5
F
49
PP
2
8.0
77
88a)
114
9.0
Cont
Spasticity
7
F
41
SP
14
8.0
100
120a)
120
8.5
Cont
Spasticity
7
F
30
SP
27
8.0
200
180a)
90
8.0
Cont
Spasticity
7
M
32
PP
19
8.5
190
200a)
105
9.0
Cont
Spasticity
7
F
34
SP
26
8.5
375
250a)
67
9.5
Cont
Spasticity
7
F
26
SP
15
8.0
90
250
278
9.0
Cont
Spasticity
5
Sex
Trauma age (yr)
Level
AIS
Walker
Pump year after trauma
Dose year 1
Dose year 7
% change
Dose pattern
Reason for change
Pump changed year
M
54
C3
A
No
0.25
256
260a)
102
Cont
Spasticity
7
M
18
C4
A
No
1
264
360
136
Cont
Spasticity
4, 10, 15, 22
M
28
C4
A
No
6
260
300a)
115
Cont
Spasticity
7
F
45
C5
A
No
2
172
252
147
Cont
Spasticity
8
M
17
C5
A
No
15
125
120
96
Cont
Spasticity
511
M
20
C5
A
No
4
168
330
196
Cont
Spasticity
5, 11
M
23
C8
A
No
8
372
352
95
Cont
Spasticity
6, 13
F
41
C7
B
No
9
360
336
93
Cont
Spasticity
5, 10, 15, 22
F
47
C7
B
No
1
167
168a)
101
Cont
Spasticity
7, 12
F
27
C7
B
No
37
383
550a)
144
Cont
Spasticity
7, 12
M
48
T4
B
No
2
264
240
91
Cont
Spasticity
5, 10, 17
M
23
T7
B
No
8
276
253a)
92
Cont
Spasticity
7
M
49
C3
C
Yes
11
75
75
100
Cont
Spasticity
8
M
59
C4
C
No
0.25
725
750a)
103
Cont
Spasticity
7
M
61
C5
C
No
0.25
288
350
122
Cont
Spasticity
8
M
26
T11
C
No
1
361
396
110
Cont
Spasticity
5, 13
M
51
C5
D
Yes
5
30
48
160
Cont
Spasticity
5, 10, 17
M
62
C7
D
Yes
2
170
112a)
66
Cont
Spasticity
7
F
56
T1
D
No
4
168
143
85
Cont
Spasticity
8
Table 1. Patients omitted from follow-up due to pump system malfunction or other factors within 7 years after baclofen pump initiation
MS, multiple sclerosis; AIS, American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale; SCI, spinal cord injury; SPMS, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
Table 2. Patients with multiple sclerosis
MS, multiple sclerosis; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; PP, primary progressive MS; SP, secondary progressive MS with unknown progression year; Flex, variable dose during 24 hours started within the first year; Cont, continuous dose (the same dose during 24 hours).
Dosage before the pump change.
Table 3. Patients with spinal cord injury
AIS, American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale; Cont, continuous dose (the same dose during 24 hours).
