Diagnostic Value of Facial Nerve Antidromic Evoked Potential in Patients With Bell's Palsy: A Preliminary Study

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Bell's palsy is caused by damage to the 7th cranial nerve, but in most cases it is idiopathic. It is known to occur due to compression and ischemia resulting from inflammation and edema of the facial nerve, caused by viral infection [1]. Bell's palsy may involve acute unilateral facial palsy, sensory impairment, and drooling. These clinical signs and a physical examination are fundamental to the diagnosis of Bell's palsy. A diagnosis of Bell's palsy is typically based on symptoms and by ruling out other disorders, such as central nervous system injury, facial tumors, certain cancers, and autoimmune diseases. Developing over several hours or up to 2-3 days, the typical symptoms include asymmetric smile, slurring of words, muscle weakness, and an inability to close an eye. A definite diagnosis needs electrodiagnostic tests to examine nerve damage and its severity, along with a prognostic prediction. In this regard, electrodiagnostic tests, such as needle electromyography (EMG) and electroneurography (ENoG), have been used in the diagnosis since the 1970s. EMG detects nerve damage, identifying whether spontaneous abnormal activities occur during the resting state in facial muscles, such as the frontalis, obicularis oculi, and orbicularis oris muscles, and whether motor unit action potential changes occur [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. In the case of ENoG, nerve damage is confirmed when waveform amplitude is smaller than half of that on the unaffected side [10,11,12]. However, both tests may be less accurate when they are performed within a week after the onset of Bell's palsy. This is because they can only examine the extratemporal segment of the facial nerves [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10].

Early treatment is crucial in recovery from Bell's palsy, which needs early detection of nerve damage. A facial nerve antidromic evoked potential (FNAEP) study is the only electrodiagnostic tool for evaluating the intratemporal segment of the facial nerves, so it is effective to diagnose the early stage of Bell's palsy, within a week of onset [13]. However, previous studies examining FNAEP have been conducted in animal experiments [14,15], most of which were focused on FNAEP waveforms [13], and there are very few reported studies on the diagnostic value of FNAEP latency. In this study, we sought to determine a reference value for FNAEP latency and to compare FNAEP and ENoG in terms of diagnostic value in Bell's palsy, especially in the early stages, within 1 week.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted on 20 patients with Bell's palsy from March to December 2012, who underwent FNAEP and ENoG tests on the same day. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to the study.

Before the examination, to check the severity of the facial nerve injury, we used the House-Brackmann scale between I (normal) and VI (no movement) [16]. FNAEP was used to measure the latency difference between affected side and unaffected side, and ENoG was to calculate the degeneration ratio of the facial nerve compared with the unaffected side. ENoG was performed using the Medelec Synergy EMG equipment (Oxford Instrument Medical Ltd., Surrey, UK) with a built-in monitor, bipolar stimulator, and discoid electrodes. Facial nerve trunks were stimulated by supramaximal stimuli through the bipolar stimulator at the stylomastoid foramens, and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were measured through recording electrodes placed on the ala nasi. The reference electrode was placed on the nasolabial folds (with a 2-cm interelectrode distance). The ground electrode was placed on the forehead. CMAP amplitude was the peak to peak amplitude. Calculation of the degeneration ratio was as follows: 100 × (1 - amplitude on affected side / amplitude on unaffected side) [4]. The blink reflex test was conducted with the same EMG equipment under the following conditions: a pulse duration of 100 µs, a repetition rate of 1 Hz, a bandwidth of 3 Hz to 10 kHz, a sensitivity of 500 µV/division, and a sweep speed of 10 ms/division. Active electrodes were placed on the lower lid (orbicularis oculi muscles) with the patient in a supine position, a reference electrode was placed on the side of the nasal bones, and a ground electrode was placed in the middle of the chin. Stimuli were given to the supraorbital notches using a stimulator at 20-40 mA.

For the FNAEP, we used same equipment as described above. The reference, active, and ground electrodes were placed on the earlobes, the posterior walls of the external auditory meatuses, and the dorsum of the hand respectively. Stimuli were given 50 times in total at a stimulus intensity of 20 mV and a stimulus rate of 1 time/s at the stylomastoid foramen process [17,18] (Fig. 1). Sensitivity was adjusted to 2 µV/division and data were recorded by an averaging technique. The signal was initially filtered at 30 Hz to 3 kHz instead of 2 Hz to 10 kHz as proposed in the preliminary study of Zhang et al. [17] to reduce noise and fluctuation of the base line. The results were recorded for both sides (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1

Locations of active electrode (black arrow), reference electrode (white arrow), and stimulator.

Fig. 2

Waveform of facial nerve antidromic evoked potential. (A) shows intact side and (B) shows affected side.

In the control group, consisting of 19 normal adults, bilateral FNAEP latencies were measured in the same way, and the mean value of latency difference between bilateral sides was set as the reference value. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to verify the significances of mean FNAEP latency differences between both sides in patients and the control group. Additionally, a check was kept on whether abnormal findings were observed in the patient group in the FNAEP and ENoG study. The McNemar test was used to ascertain whether the two methods differed significantly in diagnostic sensitivity. With the ANOVA test, an analysis was made of the correlation between ENoG and the House-Brackmann scale and between FNAEP latency differences and the House-Brackmann scale.

All data were analyzed using the SPSS ver. 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The significance level was set at p<0.05.

RESULTS

Patient characteristics and reference values

Demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects are presented in Table 1. In the control group, the mean difference in FNAEP latency was 0.295 ms (2 standard deviation [SD]=0.599), which was used as the reference value in this study (Table 2). The mean of FNAEP latency was 10.392 ms (2 SD=2.098). The mean age of the men (n=15) was 31.1 years (2 SD=6.2) and their latency averaged 10.603 ms (2 SD=1.086). The mean age of the women (n=4) was 29.5 years (2 SD=2.0) and their latency was 9.600 ms (2 SD=4.082) on average. In all patients, FNAEP latency tended to be delayed on the affected side. Additionally, there were statistically significant differences between the affected and unaffected sides. In the control group, however, there was no significant difference in FNAEP latency between the sides (Table 2).

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects

Table 2

Comparison of FNAEP latency between Bell's palsy patients and the controls

FNAEP and ENoG sensitivity for Bell's palsy diagnosis

In 8 of 20 patients who manifested clinical symptoms of Bell's palsy, the degeneration ratio was within the normal range (<50%). Thus, it could not be ascertained whether they had definite facial nerve damage [10,11,12]. However, in those patients, the mean difference of FNAEP latency was 0.894 ms (reference value+2 SD) and above; thus it was judged to be abnormal, so it was possible to diagnose facial nerve damage. Diagnostic sensitivities were 90% and 60% for FNAEP and ENoG, respectively. Of the eight patients who were not demonstrated to have neurodegeneration by ENoG, six were examined within 7 days after the onset of symptoms, five were of House-Brackmann grade II, and three were of House-Brackmann grade IV, indicating that the FNAEP study may be more effective than ENoG at detecting facial nerve degeneration not only in the early stages but also in cases of mild symptoms. In contrast, in two patients whose FNAEP latencies were within the reference value, their facial nerve degeneration was confirmed because their degeneration ratios were above 50% (Table 3). However, with the McNemar test, there were no significant difference in diagnostic sensitivity between the tests (p=0.11).

Table 3

ENoG degeneration ratio and FNAEP latency difference in Bell's palsy patients

FNAEP and ENoG sensitivity for Bell's palsy diagnosis at early stage

In 10 patients who were examined within 7 days after the onset of symptoms, six patients show degeneration ratios within the normal range (<50%). However, in all six patients, there were abnormal findings in relation to the FNAEP latency difference between the sides (Table 4). Diagnostic sensitivities were 100% and 40% for FNAEP and ENoG, respectively, on the McNemar test (p=0.03). These results showed that FNAEP was more statistically significantly effective than ENoG in detecting facial nerve damage within 7 days. In cases where abnormalities were found with both ENoG and FNAEP, the sensitivity was 50.0% in the patients. For the patients tested within 7 days, the sensitivity was 40.0%.

Table 4

ENoG degeneration ratio and FNAEP latency difference in Bell's palsy patients within 7 days after onset

FNAEP and ENoG for prognosis of Bell's palsy

The House-Brackmann scale was applied to all 20 patients with Bell's palsy. The degeneration ratios averaged 32.5%, 59.8%, 62.8%, and 78.6% in patients graded II, III, IV, and V, respectively. The degeneration ratio tended to increase as the House-Brackmann grade increased; this was statistically significant (p=0.006). However, there was no significant difference between House-Brackmann grade and FNAEP latency difference, and FNAEP did not reflect the degree of facial nerve injury (p=0.181).

In 10 of the 20 patients, we checked whether symptoms had improved in a month. In the two patients whose FNAEP latencies were within the normal range, their symptoms did not improve on the House-Brackmann grading system, whereas in the five patients with normal ENoG findings, their symptoms improved a month later (Table 5). As a result, ENoG tended to be more closely associated with disease prognosis.

Table 5

Prognosis of Bell's palsy patients in one month

DISCUSSION

Unlike other electrodiagnostic tests, the FNAEP study makes it possible to check for facial nerve damage because it stimulates the outer part of the temporal bone and receives a signal from the inner part. FNAEP has the advantage of detecting facial nerve damage before it spreads to the outer part of the temporal bone.

In a previous study [13], 109 patients who underwent FNAEP within 7 days after Bell's palsy symptoms did not show triphasic waveforms, but showed abnormal waveforms. Of 88 patients who showed biphasic waveforms, 82 recovered fully. Nearly half of patients who showed monophasic waveforms or no response did not recover sufficiently. Thus, they suggested that FNAEP was highly effective in diagnosing the early stages of Bell's palsy and predicting the prognosis. However, their study focused on the morphology of the FNAEP waveforms, and therefore is directly comparable with this study focused on differences of latency between the sides.

Another study measured evoked potentials from the posterior walls of the external auditory meatuses and confirmed specific waveforms and prolonged latencies in facial palsy [14]. However, it is also not reasonable to compare their study conducted on animals with this study. Another study reported that three healthy people showed triphasic waves on FNAEP study, but that five of seven Bell's palsy patients revealed no response on the FNAEP study [15]. That study was conducted in a smaller number of patients than the present study, and moreover, did not deal with latency.

A recent study conducted on 46 patients with unilateral Bell's palsy reported that FNAEP enabled the detection of early facial nerve damage in the intratemporal bone, and that the prognosis could be predicted through the range of decrease in waveform amplitude and the increase in onset latencies [17]. Those results were consistent with this study: the increase in FNAEP latency is useful to detect facial nerve damage at an early stage. Our study is significant in that a comparison was made between FNAEP and ENoG regarding diagnostic value. In this study, the latency difference exceeded the reference value in 18 of 20 patients diagnosed with Bell's palsy, showing that latency should be used as a diagnostic scale in addition to FNAEP waveforms.

In this study conducted on 20 patients with Bell's palsy, not all cases could be detected by ENoG, but the eight undetected cases did show abnormal findings in the FNAEP study. Thus, it appears that FNAEP is useful in diagnosing Bell's palsy. In the case of 10 patients who had been suffering from early stage Bell's palsy, in particular, FNAEP showed abnormal findings in all of them, whereas ENoG revealed abnormalities in only four of them. Regarding the diagnostic sensitivity for facial nerve degeneration, FNAEP and ENoG showed 100% and 40%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant (p=0.031). These results are consistent with a previous report that FNAEP was effective in detecting facial nerve damage that had not spread to the outer part of the temporal bones, and further supports present theories [17].

Regarding prognostic predictions, the degeneration ratio was superior to FNAEP latency. Patients who underwent ENoGs and whose degeneration ratios were within the normal range, showed good prognosis a month later. Patients whose FNAEP latency differences were within the reference value showed worse prognosis than those whose FNAEP latency differences were outside the reference value. In this study, unlike a previous study [17], FNAEP latency was found to be inappropriate for prognostic predictions.

This study has several limitations. Caution is needed in generalizing the results, given that this study was conducted on small numbers of patients and a control group. Second, this study did not thoroughly analyze the prognostic predictability of FNAEP latency because the follow-up was limited to 1 month after the onset of symptoms. Accordingly, a long-term follow-up and a large number of patients are needed to confirm FNAEP latency's prognostic value. Third, the FNAEP-recording method, used in this study, was proposed from a preliminary study by Zhang et al. [17]. It can be used with outpatients, without local anesthesia or needle electrode, but it differs from the more physiological method proposed by Nakatani et al. [13] and Kitani [15]. Thus, further studies are needed to compare them. Fourth, the short distance between the stimulation site and the recording site leads to the possibility of coactivating muscles around the recording site, causing contamination. In this regard, there is the need to reduce the activation of muscles around recording site, possibly with the use of muscle relaxants.

In conclusion, there were significant differences between ENoG and FNAEP study in diagnostic sensitivity for early stage Bell's palsy. It is important that FNAEP is monitored in patients with facial palsy at the early stage and integrated with other relevant test, such as ENoG.

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