Abstract
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Objective
To investigate the ability of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients in the use mobile cellular devices, especially the smartphone.
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Methods
Seventeen people with motor complete cervical SCI participated in the study. The assist-devices deemed most fitting were introduced to the patients: a mouth stick, multifunctional splint, activities of daily living (ADL) splint, universal cuff or none of the above. To determine the effective devices, a Multi-Directional Click Test (MDCT), Phone Number Test (PNT), and individual satisfaction inquiry were used. The most appropriate assist device was selected by MDCT. Subsequently PNT and individual satisfaction inquiry were performed with the conventional model and compared.
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Results
Those with C4 cord injury chose mouth stick. Those with C5 cord injury chose multifunctional splint (3 people) and ADL splint (2 people). Those with C6 cord injury chose universal cuff (3 people) or bare hands only. Those with C7 cord injury chose universal cuff (3 people). With a smartphone, all participants were able to complete the PNT. With a conventional model, only twelve participants (71%) were able to complete the same test. While it took 26.8±6.8 seconds with a conventional model to complete PNT, the same test took 18.8±10.9 seconds to complete with a smartphone (p<0.05). Overall, participants expressed higher satisfaction when using a smartphone.
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Conclusion
The results offer a practical insight into the appropriate assist devices for SCI patients who wish to use mobile cellular devices, particularly smartphones. When the SCI patients are given the use of a smartphone with the appropriate assist devices, the SCI patients are expected to access mobile cellular device faster and with more satisfaction.
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Keywords: Cervical cord injury syndrome, Assistive device, Smartphone
INTRODUCTION
Presently a computer and telephone are essential devices for most people. They play important roles in communication, access of information and education [
1]. From a few years ago, mobile devices, especially the smartphone, have emerged as one of the most important devices in communication.
Penetration of smartphones has rapidly increased up to 61.5% in 2012, compared with penetration of 39.6% in 2011 in the Republic of Korea. However a smaller ratio of people with disability has the use of smartphones in Korea, at 23.1% [
2].
There have been studies on the use of computers in people with disability. The studies showed that a disabled person used a computer more easily when provided the appropriate assistive devices [
3,
4]. There is no study on the smartphone usage abilities in people with disability.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients to use a mobile cellular device, especially a smartphone. This investigation was intended to determine the appropriate assistive devices for SCI patients, taking into account the neurological disability level, chiefly by comparing the motor functions necessary for the use of a smartphone and a conventional model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seventeen people with motor complete cervical SCI participated in the study. The candidate assistive devices deemed most fitting were introduced to patients: a mouth stick, multifunctional splint, activities of daily living (ADL) splint, universal cuff or bare hands only (
Fig. 1).
Two types of mobile phones were used in this study. For a smartphone, iPhone4 (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) with capacitive touch screen was selected. For the conventional mobile phone model, IM-S480S (Pantech, Seoul, Korea) was selected. This device has the classical resistive key pad interface.
To determine the efficiency of the candidate devices, the Multi-Directional Click Test (MDCT), Phone Number Test (PNT), and individual satisfaction inquiry were used.
MDCT was based on ISO 9241 (part 9) specified the ergonomics requirements for non-keyboard input devices which may be used in conjunction with a visual display terminal. It recommends performance tests for input devices and has the objective of evaluating the efficiency of the device during commonly performed tasks. According to ISO 9241 (part 9), click and moving the pointer were the most important components in non-keyboard input devices. A previous study showed that multi-directional pointing better reflected the performance of devices over one-directional pointing [
4,
5].
MDCT measures the time that it takes for a patient to click the numbers, from 1 to 12, arranged in a circle (
Fig. 2). When the numbers are clicked in sequence, the candidates are asked to move the hand in various directions. The test was performed three times, and the average time was measured.
PNT measures the time a patient takes to input an 11-digit number, a length similar to a typical phone number. Ten series of numbers similar to a telephone number were prepared, and each candidate input a randomly selected telephone number. The test was performed three times, and average times were measured.
Individual satisfaction was evaluated in a five-point scale (1, unsatisfactory; 5, satisfactory), of which the grading criteria consisted of speed, accuracy, endurance, convenience and overall satisfaction.
By considering the residual motor function, the participants applied assistive devices. People with SCI on C4 could not apply other assistive devices without a mouth stick, and they performed the test with a mouth stick only. People with SCI on C5 performed the test with ADL splint with stylus and multifunctional splint with stylus, which supported their wrist and locked the stylus on the hand. People with SCI on C6 and C7, who could control their wrist extensor, tried universal cuff with stylus and bare hands without any assistive devices. When a participant could not move the stylus on a smartphone or abandoned the test, the trial was categorized as 'not testable.' The most appropriate assistive device was selected by the results of MDCT.
Subsequently PNT and individual satisfaction inquiry were performed using the assistive device that passed MDCT with the highest scores. PNT and individual satisfaction inquiry were repeated with a conventional mobile phone, with the appropriate assistive device selected by MDCT.
RESULTS
There was a total of 17 participants, 11 males and 6 females (
Table 1). Three participants had SCI on C4 level, five on C5 level, six on C6 level and three on C7 level. Those with C4 cord injury chose mouth stick. Those with C5 cord injury chose multifunctional splint with stylus (3 people) and ADL splint with stylus (2 people). Those with C6 cord injury chose universal cuff with stylus (3 people) or bare hands. Those with C7 cord injury chose universal cuff with stylus (3 people) (
Table 2).
With the smartphone, all people were able to complete the PNT. With the conventional mobile phone, only 12 participants (71%) were able to complete the same test. It should be noted that of 5 participants who could not complete the test, 3 had C5 cord injury, 1 had C6 cord injury, and 1 had C7 cord injury. Their inability to perform the task was mainly due to the shortcomings of the muscle strength. While it took 26.8±6.8 seconds with a conventional mobile phone to complete PNT, the same test took 18.8±10.9 seconds to complete with a smartphone (p<0.05) (
Fig. 3A). Overall, participants expressed more satisfaction when using a smartphone in the individual satisfaction inquiry (p<0.05) (
Fig. 3B).
DISCUSSION
While all of participants who had SCI on C7 level preferred universal cuff with stylus, 3 participants with SCI on C7 level selected universal cuff with stylus, and the rest preferred bare hands. People with SCI on C7 level had more functional arms and hands than people with SCI on C6 level, and it was expected that assistive devices were required more for people with SCI on C6 level. For using universal cuff with stylus, it is essential to keep the forearm neutral. People with SCI on C6 level have weak pronator and supinator muscles, and they appealed difficulties in controlling the forearms. In addition, the appropriate assistive device was determined on the results of MDCT, not on subjective preference and satisfaction. Hence ease of wear or fatigue was not considered.
There are some limitations in this study. First, the sample size was small. In this study, two to three participants were included in each neurological level of injury. With more participants, the most appropriate assistive device for each neurological level of injury may be proved statistically.
In this study, only the mouth stick was applied in SCI on C4 level. There are studies on the appropriate computer interface device for patients with high cervical cord injury [
6,
7]. In the study by Kim et al. [
6], patients with SCI on C4 level were enabled to click, drag and type with Head Z mouse (RS Care Systems, Daegu, Korea), SmartNav 4AT (NaturalPoint, Corvallis, OR, USA), and IntegraMouse (LifeTool Solutions GmbH, Linz, Austria). However there are no previous studies on the appropriate device for smartphones. In the future, the development of new assistive and interface devices for people with SCI on C4 level is expected.
The result of the study offers a practical insight into the appropriate assistive devices for SCI patients who wish to use mobile cellular devices, particularly smartphones. When the SCI patients are given the use of a smartphone with appropriate assistive devices, it is expected for SCI patients to access mobile cellular devices faster and with more satisfaction.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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Fig. 1Assistive devices. (A) Mouth stick, (B) activities of daily living wrist splint with stylus, (C) multifuctional splint with stylus, (D) universal cuff with stylus, and (E) bare hands only.
Fig. 2Representation of the sequence of object selection.
Fig. 3Results of (A) comparison of typing speed in the Phone Number Test and (B) comparison of subjective satisfaction (5-point scale) between a smartphone and a conventional mobile phone.
Table 1
Table 2Results of MDCT and selection of assist-devices (unit, sec)
Table 3
