Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine

"Reference standard"

Original Articles

Electrodiagnosis

Reference Standard of Median Nerve Conduction Study in Korea: Jae Hyun Lee, Eunkyung Kim, Hyung-Seok Shim, Min-Gu Kang, Keewon Kim, Sang Yoon Lee, Goo Joo Lee, Shi-Uk Lee, Jae-Young Lim, Sun Gun Chung, Byung-Mo Oh; Ann Rehabil Med 2024;48(4):259-270. Published online August 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.240015

Objective
To establish the reference standard of the median nerve conduction study (NCS) in Korea.
Methods
A total of 648 median motor and 602 median sensory NCSs from 349 Korean healthy volunteers were tested and analyzed prospectively. Equipment calibration, assessment of intraand inter-rater reliability, and the NCSs per se were conducted according to a predetermined protocol. A reference standard was established from uncertainty components for the following parameters: the onset and peak latencies; the baseline-to-peak and peak-to-peak amplitudes; the area and duration of the negative wave; and the nerve conduction velocity. The effects of sex, age and stimulation intensity were analyzed.
Results
Each measured value of 648 median motor and 602 median sensory nerves were obtained and presented with both mean and expanded uncertainties, as well as mean and standard deviations. The cut-off values with expanded uncertainty were determined for different age and sex groups. After adjusting for anthropometric covariates, all parameters except duration were affected by age, and sex appeared to influence both duration and area. While stimulation intensity significantly affected some parameters including latencies, the effect sizes were negligible.
Conclusion
We propose the median NCS reference standard using the largest Korean dataset ever available. The use of the traceable and reliable reference standard is anticipated to promote more accurate and dependable diagnosis and appropriate management of median neuropathies in Korea.

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Электронейромиография в педиатрической практике (обзор литературы)
Павел Олегович Ляжьев, Мария Юрьевна Фомина
Pediatrician (St Petersburg).2026; 16(5): 70. CrossRef
Wrist Flexor Spasticity and Hemiplegic–Contralateral Median Nerve Latency Asymmetry After Stroke: A Bilateral Nerve Conduction and Ultrasound Study
Ki-Hyeok Ku, Seongmin Choi, Kyung Chul Noh, Eo Jin Park
Diagnostics.2026; 16(7): 1088. CrossRef

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Electrodiagnosis

Reference Standards for Nerve Conduction Studies of Individual Nerves of Lower Extremity With Expanded Uncertainty in Healthy Korean Adults: Jae Yoon Kim, Eunkyung Kim, Hyung Seok Shim, Jae Hyun Lee, Goo Joo Lee, Keewon Kim, Jae-Young Lim, Jaewon Beom, Sang Yoon Lee, Shi-Uk Lee, Sun Gun Chung, Byung-Mo Oh; Ann Rehabil Med 2022;46(1):9-23. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.21170

Objective
To develop a set of reference standards for tibial motor, common peroneal motor, sural sensory, and superficial peroneal sensory nerve conduction studies (NCSs) with expanded uncertainty in a healthy Korean population.
Methods
Standardized procedures were conducted for individual lower extremity NCSs of 199 healthy participants in their 20s (n=100) and 50s (n=99). Mean values and expanded uncertainties for parameters were analyzed with thorough consideration of multiple uncertainty factors under the International Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. In addition, side-to-side differences in onset latency, amplitude, and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) were analyzed.
Results
Mean (reference range) for distal onset latency, baseline to negative peak amplitude, NCV of tibial motor nerve in males in their 20s were 4.3 ms (3.1–5.4 ms), 7.1 mV (3.4–10.9 mV), and 50.7 m/s (42.2–59.3 m/s), respectively; sural sensory nerve baseline to negative peak amplitude in males in their 20s was 21.7 μV (8.3–35.2 μV). Including the aforementioned data, we present a vast dataset of normative mean values and expanded uncertainties for NCSs of the leg in a healthy Korean population. Furthermore, upper limits for normal side-to-side differences for onset latency, amplitude, and NCV of each nerve are suggested.
Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first study to present the reference standards of leg NCSs with consideration for multifactorial uncertainties in an Asian population. We expect these results to help practitioners make reliable and reproducible clinical decisions.

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Estimating Reference Limits for Motor Conduction Block Using Latency Adjustment and a Modified MeRef Model
Thorbjørn S. Engedal, Erisela Qerama, Jón Á. Benediktsson, Oliver R. Kjeldsen, Birger Johnsen, Sigbjørn Hokland
Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Adding Scapulothoracic Stabilization Exercises to Dorsal Scapular Nerve Blockade in Patients with Nerve Entrapment Syndrome: A Single Blinded randomized Controlled Trial
Bassam A El-Nassag, Nessren M Abd el-Rady, Marwa Mahmoud Abdelrady, Amina Awad, Nehad A Abo-zaid, Shymaa Salem
NeuroRehabilitation.2025; 57(2): 239. CrossRef
Effect of Salt Glow Massage on Nerve Conduction in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Kathiresan Natarajan, Arunthathi Kathiresan, G. Sathiyavathi, Yogapriya Chidambaram, L. Nivethitha, A. Mooventhan, N. Manavalan
Diabetes Technology and Obesity Medicine.2025; 1(1): 271. CrossRef
Evaluation of Side-to-Side Differences in Lower Extremity Sensory Nerve Action Potential (SNAP) Amplitude in Relation to Motor Nerve Conduction Studies
Handan Uzunçakmak-Uyanık, Merve Melodi Çakar, Refah Sayın
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Vera Kleinveld, Christian Eggers, Wolfgang Löscher, Cristina Cerinza Sick
Klinische Neurophysiologie.2024; 55(01): 8. CrossRef
Revisiting the compound muscle action potential (CMAP)
Paul E. Barkhaus, Sanjeev D. Nandedkar, Mamede de Carvalho, Michael Swash, Erik V. Stålberg
Clinical Neurophysiology Practice.2024; 9: 176. CrossRef
Reference Standard of Median Nerve Conduction Study in Korea
Jae Hyun Lee, Eunkyung Kim, Hyung-Seok Shim, Min-Gu Kang, Keewon Kim, Sang Yoon Lee, Goo Joo Lee, Shi-Uk Lee, Jae-Young Lim, Sun Gun Chung, Byung-Mo Oh
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2024; 48(4): 259. CrossRef
Reliability of submaximal stimulation for the train-of-four test using acceleromyography and electromyography with individualized stimulation currents
Gi Year Lee, Sooyoung Cho, Hee Jung Baik, Jong Wha Lee, Jae Hee Woo, Hyun Jung Lee, Seung Hee Yoo
Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing.2023; 37(2): 431. CrossRef
Short-term evaluation of motor and sensory nerve conduction parameters in COVID-19-associated peripheral neuropathy patients
Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi
The Egyptian Journal of Bronchology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Nerve Conduction Differences in a Large Clinical Population: The Role of Age and Sex
Shahar Shelly, Roni Ramon-Gonen, Pritikanta Paul, Christopher J. Klein, Eyal Klang, Nisim Rahman, Vera Nikitin, Merav Ben David, Amir Dori
Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases.2023; 10(5): 925. CrossRef
Refined Diagnostic Protocol for Diabetic Polyneuropathy: Paving the Way for Timely Detection
Byung-Mo Oh
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(4): 234. CrossRef
Relationship Between Clinical Outcomes and Nerve Conduction Studies Before and After Viral Infections in Healthy Individuals: Case Series
Sarah H Al-Mazidi, Fawzia ALRouq, Areej S Alsabty, Abdullah Alhajlah, Asma AlYahya, Ahmed Alsabih, Reema Al-taweraqi, Abdullah S Alahmari, Lina Al-Dakhil, Syed Habib
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Determining the Reliability of a New Method for Measuring Joint Range of Motion Through a Randomized Controlled Trial: So Young Ahn, Hanbit Ko, Jeong Oh Yoon, Sun Ung Cho, Jong Hyun Park, Kang Hee Cho; Ann Rehabil Med 2019;43(6):707-719. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2019.43.6.707

Objective
To compare the reliability and validity of the Korean range of motion standard protocol (KRSP) for measuring joint range of motion (ROM) with those of the conventional ROM measurement using a goniometer.
Methods
We conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 91 healthy elderly individuals. We compared two strategies of measuring joint ROM to evaluate the reliability and validity of each standardized protocol: first, the KRSP based on the Chungnam National University guidelines and second, handheld goniometric measurement. In the first strategy, 3 examiners (1 rehabilitation doctor, 1 physical therapist, and 1 physical therapy student) independently measured joint ROM in 46 randomly selected subjects; in the second strategy, another 3 examiners (1 rehabilitation doctor, 1 physical therapist, and 1 physical therapy student) measured joint ROM in 45 randomly selected subjects. The reliability of each protocol was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC(2,1), and root mean square error (RMSE).
Results
Both protocols showed good to excellent intra-rater reliability. With goniometer use, the inter-rater reliability was low—ICC(2,1), 95% confidence interval ranged from 0.643 (0.486–0.783) to -0.078 (-0.296–0.494)— and RMSE was high. With the KRSP, the inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.846 (0.686–0.931) to 0.986 (0.972–0.994) and RMSE was low.
Conclusion
ROM measurements using the KRSP showed excellent reliability. These results indicate that this protocol can be the reference standard for measuring ROM in clinical settings as an alternative to goniometers.

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Effectiveness of Robotic Systems with Dynamic Body Weight Support in Post-Traumatic Lower Limb Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
Oana-Georgiana Cernea, Diana-Maria Stanciu, Roxana Pipernea, Laszlo Irsay, Viorela-Mihaela Ciortea, Mihaela Stanciu, Carmen Daniela Domnariu, Alina Liliana Pintea, Cosmina Diaconu, Florina-Ligia Popa
Medicina.2026; 62(3): 498. CrossRef
Exoskeleton Robot Training in Two Patients with an Electrical Burn and Septic Arthritis: A Case Report
Seung Yeol Lee, Cheong Hoon Seo, Yoon Soo Ch, Youngmin Kim, Youngsuh Yoon, So Young Joo
Journal of Burn Care & Research.2025; 46(3): 646. CrossRef
Response to letter to the editor
Christoffer von Essen, Karl Eriksson, Björn Barenius
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy.2022; 30(3): 1127. CrossRef
An Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Wireless System for Shoulder Motion Assessment in Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Validation Pilot Study in a Clinical Setting
Riccardo Bravi, Stefano Caputo, Sara Jayousi, Alessio Martinelli, Lorenzo Biotti, Ilaria Nannini, Erez James Cohen, Eros Quarta, Stefano Grasso, Giacomo Lucchesi, Gabriele Righi, Giulio Del Popolo, Lorenzo Mucchi, Diego Minciacchi
Sensors.2021; 21(4): 1057. CrossRef

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169 Download
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Characteristics of Visual-Perceptual Function Measured by the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test-3 in Korean Adults: A-Reum Han, Doo-Yung Kim, Tae-Woong Choi, Hyun-Im Moon, Byung-Joo Ryu, Seung-Nam Yang, Sung-Bom Pyun; Ann Rehabil Med 2014;38(4):548-553. Published online August 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2014.38.4.548

Abstract
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Objective

To adapt and standardize the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test-3 (MVPT-3) to Koreans and investigate the change in visual-perceptual function using the MVPT-3 in healthy Korean adults.

Methods

The Korean version of the MVPT-3 was developed through a cross-cultural adaptation process according to 6 steps, including translation, reconciliation, back translation, cognitive debriefing, feedback, and final reconciliation. A total of 321 healthy Korean volunteers (mean age, 51.05 years) were recruited. We collected participant demographic data, such as sex, age, and years of education, and performed the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and MVPT-3. Internal consistency of the MVPT-3 and the relationships between demographic data, K-MMSE and MVPT-3 scores were analyzed. The results of this study were compared with published data from western countries including the United States and Canada.

Results

Total score on the MVPT-3 was positively correlated with years of education (r=0.715, p<0.001) and K-MMSE score (r=0.718, p<0.001). However, it had a negative correlation with age (r=-0.669, p<0.001). A post-hoc analysis of MVPT-3 scores classified age into 5 groups of ≤49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, ≥80 years and years of education into 4 groups of 0, 1-9, 10-12, ≥13 years. No significant differences in MVPT-3 scores were observed according to sex or country.

Conclusion

Visual perception was significantly influenced by age, years of education, and cognitive function. Reference values for the MVPT-3 provided in this study will be useful for evaluating and planning a rehabilitation program of visual perceptual function in patients with brain disorders.

Citations

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Eye Movements and Visual Perception in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rituparna Ghoshal, Guganathan Vinayagamoorthy, Somnath Ghosh
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus.2026; : 1. CrossRef
The Discriminative Validity of the Korean Motor-Free Visual Perception Test-4
Deok-Gi Hong, Yunwha Jeong
OTJR: Occupational Therapy Journal of Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between Visual Perception and Microstructural Change of the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus in Patients with Brain Injury in the Right Hemisphere: A Preliminary Diffusion Tensor Tractography Study
Su-Hong Kim, Hyeong-Eun Jeon, Chan-Hyuk Park
Diagnostics.2020; 10(9): 641. CrossRef
Influence of Nintendo Wii Fit Balance Game on Visual Perception, Postural Balance, and Walking in Stroke Survivors: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial
Donmo Choi, Wonjae Choi, Seungwon Lee
Games for Health Journal.2018; 7(6): 377. CrossRef
Therapeutic Potential of 3D Printing Pen in Stroke Rehabilitation: Case Reports
Hyunwoo Rho, Hyo Sun Lee, Yun-Hee Kim, Keun Ho Lee, Won Hyuk Chang
Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Functional neural substrates of posterior cortical atrophy patients
H. Shames, N. Raz, Netta Levin
Journal of Neurology.2015; 262(7): 1751. CrossRef
The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on unilateral neglect of acute stroke patients: A randomised controlled trial
Hyun Gyu Cha, Myoung Kwon Kim
Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal.2015; 33(2): 53. CrossRef