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"Rat model"

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"Rat model"

Original Articles
Effects of Electrical Stimulation and Weight-Supported Treadmill Gait Simulation on Apoptosis in the Muscles of Rats with Spinal Cord Injury.
Kim, Je Ho , Bang, Moon Suk
J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2010;34(6):613-621.
Objective To assess the effect of electrical stimulation and weight-supported treadmill gait simulation on apoptosis in the muscles of rats with spinal cord injury.

Method Twenty seven rats with a model of complete spinal cord injury were assigned to one of the following groups: control (n=9), electrical stimulation (n=10), and exercise (n=8) groups. After a 2-week intervention period, they were sacrificed, and the pattern of apoptosis was analyzed by in situ DNA nick-end labeling (TUNEL), by DNA fragmentation assay, and by Western blot for Bax and Bcl-2 using specimens from the right hamstring muscles for all groups.

Results The electrical stimulation group had increased apoptosis compared to the control group possibly due to overwork weakness, but there was no statistical significance between the groups. Apoptosis decreased in the exercise group compared with in the electrical stimulation and control group. The expression of Bcl-2 was most prominent in the exercise group, and it was significantly reduced in the electrical stimulation and control group.

Conclusion These findings suggest that exercise could play an important role in decreasing apoptosis by the up-regulation of Bcl-2 protein expression and that electrical stimulation might cause overwork weakness in rat models of spinal cord injury.

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Chronological Changes in Cerebral Infarction of Photochemical Thrombosis Model: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histopathological Correlation.
Moon, Seong Keun , Shin, Yong Il , Kim, Hyoung Ihl , Lee, Min Cheol , Jin, Chun Yan , Lee, Seoul , Yoon, Kwon Ha , Cai, Quan Yu , Chung, Gyung Ho
J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2006;30(5):447-454.
Objective
Authors investigated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological characteristics of photothrombotic infraction rat model (PIRM) on long term basis to provide a basis for further research. Method: Photothrombotic ischemia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats using Rose-bengal dye (20 mg/kg) and cold light. MRI was performed 1, 6, 12, 24 hours, 3, 7 days, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after photothrombosis and obtained T1- & T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced images. Also, T2* images were obtained after superparamagnetic iron oxide injection. After MRI, animals were sacrificed and the brain sections were stained for routine immunohistopathology. Results: MRI and histological analysis revealed well in-duced lesion in the cortex and showed biological course of infarction. However, PIRM showed rapid development of infarction lacking collateral circulation. Infarction size reached maximum 12 hours after induction, progressively decreasing over 4 weeks. Interstitial and cytotoxic edema were evident at 6, 12, 24 hours, but decreasing afterwards. Neurogenic inflammation appeared on 3rd day and reached maximum on 5∼7th day. Arachnoid membrane was characteristically invaded with inflammatory cells and later thickened with fibrosis. Conclusion: This study showed PIRM is ideal model to study subacute and chronic stages of cerebral infarction. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2006; 30: 447-454)
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The Change of Bone Metabolism in Stroke Rat.
Park, Joo Hyun , Ko, Young Jin , Kim, Jong Hyun , Lee, Jong In , Shin, Ji Nam , Lim, Seong Hoon , Im, Sun
J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2004;28(2):163-168.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ischemic stroke on bone metabolismMethod: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (12 weeks old, n=48) were randomly divided into 4 separate groups; sham operation group (group A), stroke group (group B), ovariectomy group (group C), and stroke-ovariectomy group (group D). Two weeks after performing ovariectomy, cerebral ischemia was induced. The bone mineral density (BMD) and osteocalcin and carboxy-terminal telopeptide (CTX) were measured on three periods: the day before ischemia and 1 and 3 weeks post-stroke. All data were statistically analyzed.Results: One week after cerebral ischemia, lumbar spine BMD of group B and D although statistically insignificantshowed a lower BMD score in comparison to group A and C, respectively. Three weeks after ischemia, compared to group C, the BMD score of lumbar spine in group D was reduced significantly (p＜0.05). At one week post-stroke, compared with group A and C, the value of osteocalcin in group B and D were reduced significantly, respectively (p＜0.05). One and three weeks after ischemia, the CTX value in all groups showed no statistical difference. Conclusion: The authors concluded that ischemic stroke affected bone metabolism by decreasing osteoblastic activity in the early phase of stroke rat. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2004; 28: 163-168)
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Antinociceptive Effect of Botulinum Toxin A in Persistent Muscle Pain Rat Model.
Chae, Jin Mok , Sohn, Min Kyun , Lee, Mi Young , Yoon, Ki Seok , Lee, Sheng Huo , Kim, Bong Ok
J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2008;32(1):1-8.
Objective: To investigate the effects of botulinum toxin on the mechanical hyperalgesia, electrophysiology and motor functions in the persistent muscle pain rat model. Method: A secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in the bilateral hindpaws of Sprague-Dawley rats was produced by the repeated injections of acidic saline into gastrocnemius. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A(4): 4 U/kg, BTX-A(7): 7 U/kg) was administrated into same muscle 24 hours after a second injection of saline. The mechanical hyperalgesia was measured with withdrawal threshold to von Frey filament. The grade of muscle paralysis was evaluated with electrophysiology and the locomotor performance using inclined plane board. Results: The mechanical hyperalgesia was significantly decreased from 5 days to 2 weeks in BTX-A(7) group in the injected side. The dose-dependent decreased amplitude of compound muscle action potential and reduced prevalence of endplate noise from the first day of botulinum toxin injection lasted for 4 weeks in both gastrocnemius. The maximum angle maintained at initial position on the inclined plane board did not change. Conclusion: Local muscular injection of botulinum toxin A reduced ipsilateral hyperalgesia dose-dependently in per- sistent muscle pain rat model without motor deficit. The antinociceptive mechanism of botulinum toxin might act at a local or peripheral rather than a systemic or central effect due to ineffectiveness of contralateral hyperalgesia. Clini- cally, botulinum toxin A might be useful for the treatment of local and referred pain of muscle origins. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2008; 32: 1-8)
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The Significance of Evoked Potentials according to the Injury Severity of Spinal Cord Contusive Rat Model.
Lee, So Young , Kim, Ji Hoon , Cheon, Seung Wook , Kim, Jae Hyung , Choi, In Sung , Lee, Sam Gyu , Jeon, Pyeung Sik , Kim, Hyung Beom , Park, Seung Jin
J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2005;29(2):201-208.
Objective
To investigate the prognostic values of somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and electric motor evoked potential (eMEP) studies according to the varying spinal cord injury by incremental height of weight-drop impactor and progress of functional recovery Method: Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats (300⁑50 grams, male) were used. The spinal cord injury was made by weight-drop device from 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mm height at T10 cord segment. The three groups of each drop-height (n=10) and laminectomized sham group (n=10) were subjected to functional analysis using inclined plane test and Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scales at the 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28th day after the contusive injury. SEP by sciatic nerve stimulation and eMEP at the gastrocnemiusmuscle were recorded. Results: Maximal angle of inclination and BBB scales had an inverse relation with the contusion severity (p＜0.05). There were significant correlations among the changes of peak latencies and amplitudes of SEP, contusion severity, and the motor recovery (p＜0.05). The changes of onset latencies and amplitudes of eMEP were significantly correlated with the contusion severity and the motor recovery (p＜0.05). Conclusion: The SEP and eMEP studies had significant values according to the contusion severity and functional recovery in contusive rat model of the spinal cord. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 201-208)
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Graded Spinal Cord Contusive Rat Model by a Weight-drop Device.
Lee, So Young , Kim, Ji Hoon , Cheon, Seung Wook , Kim, Jae Hyung , Choi, In Sung , Kang, Kyong Ju , Lee, Sam Gyu , Lee, Min Chyul , Kim, Hyung Beom , Park, Seung Jin
J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2005;29(2):193-200.
Objective
To investigate the reproducibility of graded spinal cord contusion by a weight-drop device, and to establish a graded spinal cord contusive rat model based on the functional analysis and morphometric measurement. Method: The weight-drop device developed was composed of impactor with a guidance rod, stereotaxic frame and spine stabilizing device. We investigated the reproducibility of impact by reliability analysis two weeks later. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were injured by the weight-drop device from the height of 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mm. The three groups of each drop-height (n=10) as well as laminectomized sham group (n=10) were subjected to functional analysis by Basso Beattie Bresnahan Locomotor Scales (BBB scales) and inclined plane test after contusion forfour weeks. The morphometric measurement was performed at regularly spaced intervals including the epicenter according to the graded drop-height. Results: The impact of weight-drop was significantly increased according to the drop-height (p＜0.05) and revealed high reproducibility. The changes of BBB scales and maximal angle of inclination had an inverse correlation with the contusion severity (p＜0.05). There was an inverse correlation between the amount of residual white matter and drop-height (p＜0.05). Conclusion: The weight-drop device newly developed provides a constant and reproducible spinal cord contusion model. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2005; 29: 193-200)
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