Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine

Orthosis & Prosthesis

Korean Translation and Psychometric Properties of Self-Report Instrument for Mobility Measuring for Adults With Lower Limb Amputation: Jin Hong Kim, Sohye Jo, Gangpyo Lee; Ann Rehabil Med 2025;49(2):72-80. Published online April 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.240087

Objective
To assess mobility in prosthetic limb users, the Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M) was developed as a brief item bank. The PLUS-M exhibits good reliability and has been translated into more than 15 languages; however, a Korean translation is not yet available. Therefore, this study translated the 44 items of PLUS-M into the Korean language and analysed the psychometric properties of the PLUS-M/Short Form 12 (PLUS-M/SF- 12) instrument through official procedures.
Methods
The process of Korean translation began with a consultation with the developer of the PLUS-M and included the first and second compatibility verification, back-translation, back-translation verification by the developer, and the final approval of the Korean version. This study tested validity using different instruments such as Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale, 2-Minute Walk Test, Timed Up and Go Test to assess various characteristics related to mobility. The translated version PLUS-M was then sent to two physical therapists working at Incheon Hospital and one prosthetist working at a Rehabilitation Engineering Center for them to assess the appropriateness of term use and understanding of the instrument.
Results
The study found excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the PLUS-M/SF-12 Korean version questionnaire, indicating its reliability and predictability across repeated measurements.
Conclusion
This study provided a tool to assess the mobility of individuals with lower limb amputations.

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Brain disorders

Insole Pressure Sensors to Assess Post-Stroke Gait: Hyung Seok Nam, Caitlin Clancy, Matthew Smuck, Maarten G Lansberg; Ann Rehabil Med 2024;48(1):42-49. Published online January 11, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.23064

Objective
To confirm that the simplified insole does not affect the gait speed and to identify objective sensor-based gait parameters that correlate strongly with existing clinical gait assessment scales.
Methods
Ten participants with gait impairment due to hemiplegic stroke were enrolled in this study. Pairs of insoles with four pressure sensors on each side were manufactured and placed in each shoe. Data were extracted during the 10-Meter Walk Test. Several sensor-derived parameters (for example stance time, heel_on-to-toe_peak time, and toe_peak pressure) were calculated and correlated with gait speed and lower extremity Fugl-Meyer (F-M) score.
Results
The insole pressure sensor did not affect gait, as indicated by a strong correlation (ρ=0.988) and high agreement (ICC=0.924) between the gait speeds with and without the insole. The parameters that correlated most strongly with highest β coefficients against the clinical measures were stance time of the non-hemiplegic leg (β=-0.87 with F-M and β=-0.95 with gait speed) and heel_on-to-toe_peak time of the non-hemiplegic leg (β=-0.86 with F-M and -0.94 with gait speed).
Conclusion
Stance time of the non-hemiparetic leg correlates most strongly with clinical measures and can be assessed using a non-obtrusive insole pressure sensor that does not affect gait function. These results suggest that an insole pressure sensor, which is applicable in a home environment, may be useful as a clinical endpoint in post-stroke gait therapy trials.

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Neuromuscular disorders

Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Functional Ability Self-Assessment Tool: Kyunghyun Lee, Sung Eun Hyun, Hyung-Ik Shin, Hye Min Ji; Ann Rehabil Med 2023;47(2):79-88. Published online April 18, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.23013; Correction in: Ann Rehabil Med 2023;47(3):228

Objective
To systematically translate the Duchenne muscular dystrophy Functional Ability Self-Assessment Tool (DMDSAT) into Korean and verify the reliability and validity of the Korean version (K-DMDSAT).
Methods
The original DMDSAT was translated into Korean by two translators and two pediatric physiatrists. A total of 88 patients with genetically confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) participated in the study. They were evaluated using the K-DMDSAT once as a self-assessment and once by an interviewer. The interviewer evaluated the K-DMDSAT again 1 week later using a test-retest approach. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to verify the interrater and test-retest reliabilities. Pearson correlation analysis between the K-DMDSAT and the Brooke or Vignos scales were used to assess validity.
Results
The total score and all domains of the K-DMDSAT showed excellent interrater and test-retest reliability, with an ICC for total scores of 0.985 and 0.987, respectively. All domains had an ICC >0.90. From the Pearson correlation analysis, the total K-DMDSAT score was significantly correlated with the Vignos and Brooke scales (r=0.918 and 0.825, respectively; p<0.001), and each domain of K-DMDSAT showed significant correlation with either the Vignos or Brooke scales.
Conclusion
DMDSAT was systematically translated into Korean, and K-DMDSAT was verified to have excellent reliability and validity. K-DMDSAT can help clinicians easily describe and categorize various functional aspects of patients with DMD through the entire disease progression.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Muscle Pathology Associated With Cardiac Function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Jin A Yoon, Heirim Lee, In Sook Lee, You Seon Song, Byeong-Ju Lee, Soo-Yeon Kim, Yong Beom Shin
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2024; 48(6): 405. CrossRef

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The Association Between Serum Leptin Levels and Post-Stroke Depression: A Retrospective Clinical Study: Jin Young Lee, Oh Kyung Lim, Ju Kang Lee, Yongbum Park, Cham Kim, Jin Won Yoon, Ki Deok Park; Ann Rehabil Med 2015;39(5):786-792. Published online October 26, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2015.39.5.786

Abstract
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Objective

To investigate the question of whether serum leptin levels might be associated with post-stroke depression.

Methods

We studied 130 patients who experienced a first episode of stroke of more than three months' duration, without any previous history of depression or speech disorders. Data were collected regarding the patient demographics, depressive mood (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition [DSM-IV] criteria and Beck Depression Inventory) and serum leptin levels measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) and Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) were used to assess the subjects' independence, in regard to the activities of daily living and cognition. A statistical analysis was performed to determine differences the serum leptin levels between patients with depression and those without depression, and to determine the difference in the MBI and K-MMSE scores between the groups separated according to the serum leptin levels.

Results

Higher serum leptin levels were observed in patients with depression, compared with those without depression (38.5 ng/mL [range, 25.1-59.2 ng/mL] vs. 8.2 ng/mL [range, 4.9-17.8 ng/mL]; p<0.01. The serum leptin level showed an association with depression (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.45; p=0.021). The K-MMSE and K-MBI improvement scores were lower, with statistical significance, in the group with the highest leptin level (>30 mg/dL), compared to the other two groups.

Conclusion

High serum leptin levels are associated with depression after stroke, and patients with elevated serum leptin levels were disadvantaged in regard to functional and cognitive outcomes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Analysis of the Incidence and Influencing Factors of Depression in the Acute Stage of Ischemic Stroke: A Retrospective Clinical Study
Xiao Zhou, Saquib Waheed, Xinyin Cao, Madiha Fatim, Xiaohong Fu, Shilong Deng, Chong Chen, Sudong Qi, Hao Sun, Ke Cheng, Libo Zhao, Changlong Zhou
Brain and Behavior.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Whether serum leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1 are predictive biomarkers for post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Qi Wang, Taotao Jiang, Rundong Li, Ting Zheng, Qian Han, Manxia Wang
Journal of Psychiatric Research.2024; 169: 347. CrossRef
Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment
Lulu Cui, Shu Li, Siman Wang, Xiafang Wu, Yingyu Liu, Weiyang Yu, Yijun Wang, Yong Tang, Maosheng Xia, Baoman Li
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory biomarkers of ischemic stroke
Amedeo Tirandi, Cosimo Sgura, Federico Carbone, Fabrizio Montecucco, Luca Liberale
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2023; 18(3): 723. CrossRef
Effect of acute and long-term exercise on leptin levels in depressed outpatients
Darlene Heinen, Andreas Heissel, Stephan Heinzel, Thomas Fydrich, Andreas Ströhle, Michael A. Rapp, Heike Vogel
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Understanding Why Post-Stroke Depression May Be the Norm Rather Than the Exception: The Anatomical and Neuroinflammatory Correlates of Post-Stroke Depression
Tissa Wijeratne, Carmela Sales
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(8): 1674. CrossRef
Behavioral assessment of post-stroke depression and anxiety in rodents
Danyang Chen, Junmin Wang, Yinpei Xing, Peijun Jia, Yuheng Zhang, Jiarui Wang, Honglei Ren, Anh Le, Xuemei Chen, Jian Wang
Brain Hemorrhages.2020; 1(2): 105. CrossRef
Ischemic Stroke and Depression Biomarkers: Are There Specific Markers for Post-Stroke Depression?
M. Yu. Kasatkina, I. S. Zhanin, N. V. Gulyaeva
Neurochemical Journal.2020; 14(4): 353. CrossRef
Serum leptin is associated with first-ever ischemic stroke, lesion size and stroke severity in a Chinese cohort
Guoyi Liu, Minna Dong, Shu Ma, Liyan Fu, Yun Xiao, Lianmei Zhong, Jia Geng
Neurological Research.2019; 41(2): 125. CrossRef
Role of Leptin in Mood Disorder and Neurodegenerative Disease
Xiaohan Zou, Lili Zhong, Cuilin Zhu, Haisheng Zhao, Fangyi Zhao, Ranji Cui, Shuohui Gao, Bingjin Li
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Leptin and adiponectin levels in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bing Cao, Yan Chen, Elisa Brietzke, Danielle Cha, Aisha Shaukat, Zihang Pan, Caroline Park, Mehala Subramaniapillai, Hannah Zuckerman, Kiran Grant, Rodrigo B. Mansur, Roger S. McIntyre
Journal of Affective Disorders.2018; 238: 101. CrossRef
Leptin, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Niki Katsiki, Dimitri P Mikhailidis, Maciej Banach
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica.2018; 39(7): 1176. CrossRef
Poststroke Depression Biomarkers: A Narrative Review
Oleg A. Levada, Alexandra S. Troyan
Frontiers in Neurology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Regeneration and Outcome Measures in Spinal Cord Injury.: Koh, Seong Eun; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2008;32(6):603-611.

Abstract
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in devastating neurological dysfunction. Therefore many of the SCI patients suffer with physical disabilities or social handicaps. Many obstacles have been known to affect adult spinal cord regeneration and functional recovery. However, scientific knowledge of the central nervous system (CNS) development and post-injury responses including pathophysiology of SCI has been expanded recently, which might produce potential promising therapies for this condition. These are as followed; (1) pharmacological neuroprotective agents, (2) administration of exogenous neurotrophic factors or augmenting intraneural cyclic AMP, (3) inhibition of nonpermissive environment of the injured spinal cord, (4) cellular transplantation, and (5) rehabilitation interventions with body- weight supported treadmill therapy and functional electrical stimulation. In addition, the precise evaluation of functional improvement or gait is also important in rehabilitation of SCI patients. Various evaluation tools have been developed and introduced in order to estimate a degree of improvement properly. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2008; 32: 603-611)

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Behavioral Testing for Therapeutic Outcome Measurements in an Animal Model of Huntington's Disease.: Cho, Sung Rae , Park, Eun Sook , Kim, Hyun Ok , Kim, Dong Goo , Park, Chang Il; J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2007;31(5):503-511.

Abstract
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Objective
To investigate which outcome measurements are useful for detecting functional changes after therapeutic approach to delayed motor impairment in an animal model of Huntington's disease (HD). Method: R6/2 transgenic mice received intraventricular injections of adenoviral BDNF/noggin (AdB/N), AdBDNF, AdNull (n=15 each) at 4 weeks of age. Untreated R6/2s and wild-type mice were also recruited as controls. Motor performance was measured using rotarod analysis and locomotor activity test at regular intervals until preterminal age of 13 weeks. Results: On constant speed rotarod testing, AdB/N-treated R6/2s exhibited a delayed disease progression after post- operative 6 weeks. AdB/N also ameliorated general locomotor activity deficits. One min-rotarod analysis showed a delayed motor impairment in AdBDNF group at preterminal age compared with AdNull and untreated controls, which was not shown in 3 min and 5 min-rotarod. Accelerating rotarod paradigm was not superior to constant speed. Partial therapeutic effects on locomotor activities were detected in total 60 min-monitoring, but not in 30 min- or 10 min- monitoring. Conclusion: Appropriate behavioral testing and outcome measurements should be selected to detect the treatment effect to slow functional deterioration in HD. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2007; 31: 503-511)