Objective
To synthesize the available evidence on the effects of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP), focusing on upper limb functional outcomes and neuroplasticity-related changes assessed through direct or indirect measures.
Methods
This scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines and was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/DU8RE). A search of four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science) was performed to identify studies involving children (0–18 years) with CP who received CIMT as the primary intervention. Eligible studies assessed neuroplasticity through neuroimaging or neurophysiological techniques.
Results
Eleven studies involving 221 children met the inclusion criteria. CIMT protocols varied in duration, intensity, and setting (e.g., clinical, home-based, camp-based). Across studies, CIMT was associated with improvements in upper limb function and spontaneous use. Neuroplastic changes included increased activation in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex, normalization of somatosensory responses, and structural brain adaptations. Adjunctive therapies such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation, or occupational therapy further enhanced outcomes.
Conclusion
CIMT is an effective intervention that promotes cortical reorganization and improves motor function in children with hemiplegic CP. Customizing rehabilitation based on neurophysiological profiles may optimize clinical outcomes.

Objective
To compare the outcome of rectal and surface electrode stimulation, when performed concomitantly with routine anal sphincter (AS) exercises and bio-feedback training, in children who have received corrective surgery to address Hirschsprung disease (HD).
Methods
Sixty-seven patients (pediatric) who underwent corrective surgery due to HD were randomly assigned to Group A (rectal electrode, n=34) or Group B (surface electrode, n=33). The two groups were given the same protocols of AS and bio-feedback training. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Bowel Function Score (BFS), Pediatric Incontinence and Constipation Scoring System Scale (PICSS) were measured at baseline, post intervention and follow-up.
Results
There were significant improvements in both groups over time across all outcomes. PedsQL increased (d=0.42–1.28, η²p up to 0.37), BFS improved notably (d=1.21, η²p=0.35), and PICSS decreased (d up to 1.15, η²p=0.33). The greatest gains occurred from baseline to follow-up, with smaller but significant changes from post-treatment to follow-up, indicating sustained effects.
Conclusion
Electrical stimulation with rectal electrodes, combined with AS exercises and bio-feedback training, is a major way of improving bowel functioning, continence and quality of life in Hirschsprung child. Such results highlight the promise of multimodal rehabilitation and should be supported by additional multicenter studies.

Objective
To identify early clinical predictors associated with dysphagia and delayed swallowing recovery in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Methods
In this retrospective study, we enrolled adult TBI patients admitted to the rehabilitation unit of a tertiary medical center between June 2019 and June 2023. Data on baseline characteristics, neurological status, imaging findings, and rehabilitation-related variables were collected. Swallowing function was assessed using two indicators: (1) nasogastric (NG) tube retention and (2) the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) scores at 1, 4, and 12 weeks post-injury. Regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors associated with dysphagia and swallowing recovery.
Results
A total of 160 patients were included. At 1 week post-injury, longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay, poor initial sitting balance and use of sedative medication in ICU were associated with NG tube retention. At 4 weeks, lower initial Rancho Los Amigos Scale (RLAS) scores, immobility-related complications, longer hospitalization, and temporal lobe hematomas were associated with persistent NG tube dependence. By 12 weeks, older age, delayed ability to follow commands, and poor initial sitting balance remained associated with NG tube retention. FOIS outcomes were also associated with older age, delayed time to follow commands, impaired initial sitting balance, prolonged ICU stay, temporal lobe hematomas, lower initial RLAS scores, immobility-related complications, prolonged endotracheal tube placement and extended hospital stays.
Conclusion
Impaired cognitive status, poor physical function, immobility-related complications, and temporal lobe hematomas were key factors associated with dysphagia and delayed oral intake in individuals with TBI.

Objective
To compare the effects of eccentric cycling (ECC), concentric cycling (CON), and standard care (CTL) on cardiopulmonary capacity, respiratory health, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods
Thirty-one CKD patients were divided into the CTL, CON, and ECC groups. The CON and ECC groups participated in 8-week, 24-session cycling programs. Outcomes were assessed through cardiopulmonary exercise tests, respiratory function tests, and the 36-Item Short Form Survey Instrument questionnaire.
Results
The ECC group achieved significant improvements in maximal oxygen uptake, while the CTL group showed a decline. For oxygen uptake efficiency slope, significant changes were observed only in the ECC group, with a group-by-time interaction effect compared to CTL. Furthermore, the ECC group demonstrated the most significant increase in diaphragm movement and a significant increase in diaphragm thickness, with comparisons indicating that ECC outperformed both CTL and CON. Regarding QoL, the ECC group exhibited significantly greater improvements in Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary, with statistically significant differences compared with the CTL and CON groups.
Conclusion
ECC is a low-effort, high-benefit exercise modality that significantly enhances cardiopulmonary fitness, respiratory function, and QoL in patients with CKD.

Objective
To develop and validate a clinically actionable prediction model for postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in cardiac surgery patients, focusing on modifiable preoperative risk factors amenable to targeted optimization.
Methods
In this prospective observational cohort study, 492 adults undergoing open-chest cardiac surgery between August 15, 2023 and December 31, 2023 were analyzed. Prespecified predictors included gas exchange variables, pulmonary function, inspiratory muscle strength, and physical performance. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to develop the prediction model. Discrimination was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).
Results
A total of 90 patients (14.1%) developed PPCs after surgery. Five independent predictors were identified: elevated arterial PaCO2 (odds ratio [OR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.26), oxygen desaturation (SpO2<93%) (OR 12.47, 95% CI 3.51–48.13), reduced gait speed (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04–0.71), lower FEV1/FVC ratio (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92–1.00), and diminished inspiratory muscle strength (MIP % predicted) (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92–0.99). The model demonstrated good discriminative ability with an AUC of 0.86 (95% CI 0.80–0.93) in the training cohort and 0.87 (95% CI 0.74–0.93) in the validation cohort.
Conclusion
This parsimonious model achieved high predictive accuracy using five modifiable physiological variables. By targeting abnormalities in gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics, muscle strength, and functional reserve, the model offers a practical tool to guide individualized prehabilitation strategies for reducing PPC risk in cardiac surgery patients.

Objective
To examine back muscle activity and fatigue behavior in female patients with degenerative thoracolumbar kyphosis (DTK) using high-density surface electromyography (HDSEMG) and evaluate the effects of using a soft spinal orthosis.
Methods
Seven female participants with DTK (mean age: 73.6 years) were assessed during static standing and a weighted holding task with and without a soft spinal orthosis. HDSEMG signals were obtained from the lumbar erector spinae using a 64-electrode array. Time to fatigue (TTF), spatial displacement, and directional consistency of muscle activation were analyzed using the spatial center of activity (SCoA) and circular variance (CV).
Results
Orthosis use significantly reduced the sagittal vertical axis and low back pain. TTF was significantly prolonged during the weighted holding task with the orthosis (p=0.012), indicating delayed fatigue onset. SCoA displacement was significantly reduced in both tasks (p<0.001), whereas CV analysis demonstrated improved directional consistency of muscle activation.
Conclusion
HD-SEMG revealed early fatigue onset and unstable muscle activation patterns in patients with DTK, particularly during load-bearing tasks performed without orthotic support. Orthosis used improved endurance and neuromuscular efficiency by reducing spatial and directional variability in muscle recruitment. These findings underscore the utility of HDSEMG for elucidating the neuromuscular pathophysiology of DTK and support the use of spinal orthoses as a conservative treatment approach.

Objective
To assess maladaptive beliefs about low back pain (LBP), valid and reliable measurement tools are required. Although some tools exist to assess them, the Low Back Pain-related Beliefs Screening Tool (LBP-BST) was developed in order to explore all different categories of misbeliefs in individuals chronic low back pain (CLBP). This study aimed to evaluate the main psychometric properties of both the short and long versions of the revised LBPBSTv2.
Methods
A total of 108 patients with CLBP completed the LBP-BSTv2 to assess its potential floor/ceiling effects, internal consistency, and construct validity. The latter was evaluated by comparing scores with the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ). Test-retest reliability was assessed in 47 of the participants one week later.
Results
No floor or ceiling effects were observed. The short and long versions of the LBPBSTv2 showed strong construct validity, with significant correlations with BBQ scores. Internal consistency was acceptable to good (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.77–0.84), and test-retest reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.76–0.81).
Conclusion
The LBP-BSTv2 is a valid and reliable tool for assessing maladaptive beliefs in patients with CLBP. Its integration into clinical practice could help healthcare professionals identify and address unhelpful beliefs that may hinder rehabilitation. Further research is needed to confirm its usefulness in tracking changes over time and guiding individualized interventions and to study other psychometric properties such as responsiveness.

Objective
To investigate the effects of social restrictions imposed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on postoperative functional recovery in patients who underwent surgery for degenerative musculoskeletal disorders.
Methods
This longitudinal prospective cohort study included 291 patients categorized into pre-pandemic (surgery in 2018), early pandemic (2019), and late-pandemic (2020) groups based on their 1-year recovery period. The primary outcome was improvement in locomotive syndrome (LS) status 1 year after surgery. We analyzed the association between social limitations and LS improvement using multivariate logistic and segmented regression analyses.
Results
The late-pandemic group exhibited the lowest LS improvement rate (50.6%) and the highest prevalence of postoperative social contact limitations (61.0%). Multivariate analysis identified the absence of postoperative social contact limitation as a highly potent independent predictor of LS improvement (odds ratio, 10.01; 95% confidence interval, 5.40–19.34; p<0.01). Segmented regression analysis revealed a time lag: social contact limitations peaked in March 2020, whereas the decline in LS improvement rates began in October 2020.
Conclusion
Prolonged social restrictions negatively impacted functional recovery, particularly during the late phase of the pandemic. Social participation, specifically direct social contact, could be a critical and independent component of postoperative rehabilitation. These findings underscore the need to integrate psychosocial assessments into standard postoperative care to optimize patient outcomes.

Objective
To translate the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire (ÖMPSQ) into Urdu and to determine the psychometric properties of its Urdu version.
Methods
This cross-sectional study recruited 300 participants (18–60 years) with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP), who were able to read Urdu. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and reproducibility through Cronbach’s α. Face and content validity were examined via individual interviews, and construct validity by correlating with relevant reference standards. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) & confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was also carried out
Results
ÖMPSQ was successfully translated into Urdu version with acceptable face and content validity. ÖMPSQ Urdu version showed acceptable internal consistency (α=0.789) & good test-retest reliability (ICC=0.784, 95% confidence interval, p<0.001) while good correlation was demonstrated between ÖMPSQ and Chronic Pain Grade Scale (pain and disability subscales i.e., r=0.809 and 0.807, respectively). However, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire showed moderate correlation (r=0.513). Additionally, no significant floor or ceiling effects were observed in the ÖMPSQ Urdu version. EFA revealed a five-factor solution using twenty items, 89.21% was the total item variance in the database, while CFA demonstrated good model fit with strong factor loadings and acceptable fit indices
Conclusion
The ÖMPSQ Urdu version is valid and reliable for assessing the risk of long-term disability & workplace absence in NSLBP patients.

Objective
To explore whether ultrasonographic measurements of tongue thickness are associated with swallowing function and related clinical domains in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), this feasibility study was conducted. Few studies have examined the usefulness of ultrasonographic tongue thickness measurement in patients with ALS, but its association with physiological measures remains unclear.
Methods
Ten patients with ALS underwent tongue thickness measurement using ultrasonography. Clinical assessments including the Korean version of the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (K-ALSFRS-R), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10), Dysphagia Handicap Index, Korean version of the Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire, Mini Nutritional Assessment–Short Form (MNA-SF), handgrip strength, and bioelectrical impedance analysis for skeletal muscle index (SMI) were performed. Swallowing physiology was evaluated using the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP), Penetration-Aspiration Scale. Simple and partial Pearson’s correlation analyses as well as univariate regression were performed with adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).
Results
Tongue thickness showed significant associations with multiple functional and systemic measures in the unadjusted analyses, including FOIS, EAT-10, MNA-SF, BMI, SMI, K-ALSFRS-R. After adjustment, the most consistent associations were observed with the MBSImP oral, pharyngeal, and combined phase scores.
Conclusion
Tongue ultrasonography may serve as a radiation-free method to preliminarily assess bulbar involvement in ALS. Tongue thickness was most specifically associated with dysphagia outcomes, particularly MBSImP. Given the feasibility design and small sample size, larger longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm its clinical utility in monitoring the progression of dysphagia in patients with ALS.

Objective
To identify the asymmetric spinal stabilizing exercise (ASSE) postures that selectively activate the multifidus (Mu) relative to the erector spinae (ES) in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), thereby supporting the development of curve-specific exercise programs for three-dimensional spinal deformities.
Methods
Surface electromyography recordings were obtained bilaterally from the ES and Mu muscles during ASSE postures. Signals were normalized to the maximal voluntary isometric contraction. The asymmetry ratio, Mu/ES ratio, and additional asymmetric contraction of the Mu were analyzed.
Results
The study included 40 patients with AIS. The Mu demonstrated greater ipsilateral activation in the side-lying posture, whereas greater contralateral activation was observed during unilateral lower extremity lifting and combined upper–lower extremity lifting in the prone posture, as well as during combined upper–lower extremity lifting in the bird-dog posture. In the prone and bird-dog postures, the Mu/ES ratio exceeded 1.0, indicating relatively stronger Mu recruitment under rotational loading. Additional asymmetric contraction of the Mu was greatest in the side-lying posture (47%), with differences<15% in all other postures.
Conclusion
ASSE induces posture-specific asymmetric activation of the paraspinal muscles in patients with AIS. Although the side-lying posture produced the largest asymmetry, this reflected increased ES activity for trunk elevation rather than true selective Mu contraction. In contrast, the prone and bird-dog postures demonstrated a greater Mu contribution relative to the ES under rotational loading. These findings suggest that ASSE can be adapted to target specific paraspinal muscle components: side lying for lateral bending and bird-dog variations to enhance rotational stability.

Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children (NHSPIC) in the early diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) utilizing data from the National Health Insurance Database of South Korea.
Methods
We enrolled children born between 2011 and 2018 who completed the first to fourth stages of the NHSPIC. A positive finding was defined as a recommendation for further evaluation during one or more stages. Participants were categorized into the positive and negative finding groups. Following 1:1 propensity score matching, 82,138 participants were assigned to each group.
Results
Comparative analysis revealed that participants with positive findings exhibited a higher risk of developing all seven NDDs, particularly for autism spectrum disorder (hazard ratio [HR], 19.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 17.48–22.20), intellectual disability (HR, 17.11; 95% CI, 14.69–19.93), developmental language disorder (HR, 11.74; 95% CI, 10.73– 12.84), and cerebral palsy (HR, 11.34; 95% CI, 8.67–14.84). The HR for learning disability was 4.31 (95% CI, 2.94–6.34), whereas attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder had an HR of 3.57 (95% CI, 3.37–3.78). Tic disorder had the lowest HR (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.48–1.82). Additionally, HRs were calculated for each NHSPIC stage, demonstrating the utility of specific stages in the early detection of each NDD.
Conclusion
Developmental screening tests in the NHSPIC contributed to the early diagnosis of NDDs. This study underscores the significance of the NHSPIC and provides foundational evidence to inform and enhance policies related to child health screenings.

Objective
To investigate and compare proprioception characteristics in healthy adults using different measurement methods.
Methods
Participants engaged in three tasks using a device developed to assess elbow joint proprioception: the ipsilateral matching task (IMT), contralateral matching task (CMT), and pointing task (PT). Each task was performed three times at different angles (30°, 50°, and 70°) in a randomised order for nine trials and tested for both the right and left arms. Activity level was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form.
Results
Twenty healthy adults (10 males, mean age: 39.80±12.19 years) were enrolled. The absolute error of the IMT was significantly lower than that of the CMT and PT (Bonferroni [Bonf.] p=0.029 and 0.016, respectively). PT showed a higher variable error than that of IMT and CMT (Bonf. p<0.001, and 0.040, respectively). There were no significant differences in errors across tasks based on sex or age. The total International Physical Activity Questionnaire- Short Form score showed statistically significant correlations with the absolute error (r=-.460, p=0.041) and constant error (r=-.469, p=0.037) of the CMT and variable error of the PT (r=-.478, p=0.033).
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that different proprioceptive tasks can assess the unique characteristics of proprioceptive function. The IMT produced lower error values than those of the CMT and PT, with the PT exhibiting higher variability. These differences may stem from distinct mechanisms that depend on the nature of each task and warrant further investigation.

Quadruple amputation, defined as the loss of all four limbs, is an exceptionally rare condition. Conventional gait training is particularly challenging in this population because the absence of upper limbs limits the ability to grasp assistive devices that are essential for maintaining balance and stability during walking. End-effector robot-assisted gait training offers an alternative rehabilitation strategy that enables upright mobility and task-specific gait training for patients who experience substantial difficulty performing conventional gait training. This approach provides safe, repetitive, and hands-free gait training for individuals with quadruple amputation, resulting in measurable improvements in balance, ground reaction force, and functional mobility. We report two cases of successful amputee gait rehabilitation using an end-effector–type gait robot in two females (aged 72 and 51 years) with quadruple amputation.

Objective
This cross-sectional pilot study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Korean version of the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool-10 (K-Pedi-EAT-10).
Methods
To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Korean version of the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool-10 (K-Pedi-EAT-10).
Results
The K-Pedi-EAT-10 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.956) and strong test–retest reliability (ICC=0.988; 95% CI, 0.971–0.995). Content validity indices were high (I-CVI>0.80 for all items; S-CVI/Ave=0.92 for relevance, 0.88 for clarity). Children with dysphagia showed markedly higher K-Pedi-EAT-10 total scores (16.15±9.24) than controls (0.31±0.72; U=9.5, Z=-4.053, p<0.001), confirming discriminative validity. Higher K-Pedi-EAT-10 scores were observed in children with aspiration (Penetration-Aspiration Scale [PAS]≥6) than in those without (p<0.05). Significant correlations were found between K-Pedi-EAT-10 total and PAS scores (r=0.705, p=0.007), confirming its potential utility as a screening tool that reflects aspiration severity without radiation exposure from videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.95–1.00) and identified a cut-off score of 19 for predicting aspiration, with 100% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity.
Conclusion
The K-Pedi-EAT-10 is a reliable, valid, and non-invasive tool for screening pediatric dysphagia. Its strong psychometric performance supports its potential use for the early identification and timely intervention of children at risk for dysphagia in clinical practice.

Objective
To investigate the effects of small group speech therapy consisting of two children in aspects of language and social development and identify powerful predictors for maximal therapeutic gains of two-person small-group speech therapy (2-SST).
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 51 children, who had participated in 2-SST. Language and social abilities of children were assessed using multiple scales at initial and follow-up visits after participating in 2-SST program. Receptive and expressive language were measured using the Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale and the Receptive-Expressive Vocabulary Test, while social abilities were assessed with the Social Maturity Scale.
Results
Participants in the 2-SST showed significant improvements in all categories of receptive/ expressive language and social abilities. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that the same diagnosis and baseline receptive language ability difference and intellectual ability difference from paired-child were powerful predictors of improvement in receptive language ability. Younger age (≤5 years) was a powerful predictor of improvement in expressive language ability. Older age (>5 years) was an independent predictor of improvement in social ability.
Conclusion
The 2-SST can be an appropriate delivery model to improve language and social skills with advantages of both individual and group speech therapy. For maximal therapeutic gains of 2-SST, same diagnosis, similar language and cognitive level with paired-child, and age should be considered depending on the more specific goals of treatment.

Upper limb amputation leads to significant physical and psychosocial burden; however, it remains underrepresented in global epidemiological and rehabilitation studies. This study aimed to systematically review the global epidemiological data on upper limb amputation, focusing on its prevalence, incidence, anatomical levels, and etiology. According to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Regional Information Sharing Systems (up to May 2023). Two authors independently selected the studies, assessed their methodological quality, and summarized the evidence. Nineteen studies were finally included in this study. The prevalence of major upper limb amputation was higher in individuals with disabilities than in the general population. The prevalence in general population was 11.6 per 100,000 adults between 2006 and 2008 in Norway, whereas the prevalence in individuals with disabilities was 6.9 per 1,000 individuals in 2011 and increased to 11.3 per 1,000 individuals in 2020 in South Korea. The incidence rates were generally higher in the occupational population than in the general population. Below-elbow amputation was consistently the most common major amputation level reported. Although traumatic causes were predominant, medical conditions substantially contributed to upper limb impairment among individuals with disabilities. Upper limb amputation presents significant global variations in prevalence, incidence, anatomical level, and cause. The scarcity of standardized, disaggregated data limits effective planning for prosthetic services and rehabilitation. Future studies should prioritize comprehensive data collection to support equitable healthcare delivery and inform prosthetic innovation.

Citations

• Myoelectric Controlled Bionic Robotic Hand for Voluntary Finger Motion Driven by Neuromuscular Intent
  André Moreira, Marco Pinto, Miguel Fernandes, João Costa, Jorge Fidalgo, Alessandro Fantoni
  Machines.2026; 14(3): 355.     CrossRef
• 3D printing and prostheses: The current state-of-the-art and future directions
  Catherine Stauffer, Nathan W. Brantly, Dylan W. Beam, Rohit Bose, Goeran Fiedler, Lee E Fisher
  Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To compare the immediate recovery effects of cold compression (CC) and ischemic preconditioning with ice (IPCice) on muscle recovery, this study was conducted.
Methods
Athletes were randomly assigned to CC (n=12), IPCice (n=12), or control (n=12) groups. All participants completed a fatigue-inducing jump rope protocol targeting the gastrocnemius prior to recovery interventions. CC involved 20 minutes of alternating pressure (25–75 mmHg) on the gastrocnemius muscles. IPCice involved thigh cuffs inflated to 200 mmHg (2 minutes on/off cycles for 20 minutes) with manual ice application. Thirty-six amateur mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes. Muscle pain, congestion, strength, creatine kinase, muscle stiffness, perfusion, pressure pain threshold, reactive strength index, and total quality recovery were assessed at rest, post-exercise, post-treatment, and 48 hours later.
Results
Post-treatment, CC significantly improved perfusion (p<0.001) and reduced muscle soreness in both legs compared to IPCice and control (p≤0.02). CC also resulted in significantly higher PPT values (p≤0.006). Benefits on some variables remained at 48 hours.
Conclusion
Both modalities enhanced recovery following fatiguing exercise; however, CC demonstrated superior effectiveness in attenuating fatigue-related impairments, particularly in perfusion, soreness, and muscle function, highlighting its practical advantage over IPCice for MMA athletes.

Objective
To investigate the psychometric properties of the balance self-efficacy (BSE) scale in people with stroke.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional study held in a university-based rehabilitation center. Sixty- three people with stroke and 30 healthy older adults were included from the community dwelling. The people with stroke underwent the following assessments in a random order: the BSE, Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Lower Extremity (FMA-LE), muscle strength of plantar flexors and dorsiflexors, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Berg Balance Scale, Limit of Stability (LOS), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) version 2, and Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ). The healthy older adults were assessed with BSE.
Results
The BSE scale demonstrated good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient= 0.796) with minimal detectable change at a 95% confidence interval of 433.74 and cut-off score of 1,225, which best differentiated between people with stroke and healthy older adults. The BSE score was significantly correlated with the FMA-LE score, muscle strength of the affected side ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor, LOS parameter, FAAM, SF- 12, and Ox-PAQ scores.
Conclusion
The BSE scale is a reliable clinical tool with good test-retest reliability. The BSE scores were significantly correlated with other outcome measures that assess motor functions, balance, and quality of life. It is a simple and easy-to-administer outcome measure for assessing BSE in people with stroke.

Objective
To compare the walking ability, mobility, and satisfaction among 24 ambulatory participants with stroke while walking under four conditions: without an ankle support device (ASD), with a plastic ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), and with two types of elastic ASDs— namely, a long ankle sling made from a 3- to 4-inch bandage, and elastic ankle support equipment (EASE) made from elastic bands with buttonholes and rivet buttons.
Methods
This crossover design study assessed spatiotemporal gait variables and mobility using the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) while participants walked under the four conditions in random order. They then completed a self-report questionnaire regarding satisfaction with the three ASDs. The findings were compared using the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed rank test.
Results
The participants’ spatiotemporal and TUG data improved significantly when walking with a long ankle sling and EASE compared to the other two conditions (p<0.05). Participants satisfied with the dimensions, weight, safety, security, and effectiveness of the long ankle sling and EASE (p<0.001). The EASE was also comfortable and easy to adjust, whereas the AFO was noted for its durability (p<0.01).
Conclusion
With the design to promote mobility during both the swing and stance phases, the present findings support the clinical benefits of elastic ASDs, specifically a long ankle sling and EASE. The EASE is also user-friendly; thus, it can be applied in various clinical and community settings, particularly in those with limited budget.

Objective
To test the feasibility and usability of an artificial intelligence (AI)-guided mobile cognitive telerehabilitation program for patients with stroke or older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Methods
Thirteen participants with cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score≤26; nine with stroke and four with MCI) were enrolled in the study. Each participant was provided with an AI-guided mobile cognitive rehabilitation program (Zenicog®). Participants were instructed to complete 24 sessions within 6 weeks, and those with sufficient adherence (≥70%, 17 sessions) were included in the analysis. Cognitive assessments included the MMSE, digit span, and Trail Making Tests A & B. The usability questionnaire investigated equitable use and flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, size and space for use, overall product quality, overall satisfaction.
Results
Eleven participants completed the study, and 10 participants met adherence criteria. The MMSE score increased significantly from 24.00 [21.00, 25.75] at baseline to 27.50 [26.00, 28.75] after intervention. The overall product quality (Likert scale: 1–5) score was 4.00±0.87. The lowest score in the usability questionnaire was for tolerance for error. Female participants and participants with <12 years’ education gave lower scores for tolerance for error and equitable/ flexibility in use, respectively.
Conclusion
The AI-guided mobile cognitive telerehabilitation program is feasible and potentially beneficial for improving cognitive function in patients with stroke or older adults with MCI. Individuals who are less familiar with electronic devices require special consideration to improve their usability.

Citations

• AI-driven telerehabilitation for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial
  Minsong Kim, Doo Young Kim, Taeksoo Jeong, Si-Woon Park
  Frontiers in Neurology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiovascular function, gait ability, and hematological variables in chronic stroke survivors.
Methods
Twenty-nine higher-functioning, ambulatory chronic stroke survivors were randomized to HIIT (n=15) or MICT (n=14). Participants underwent supervised training three times weekly for six weeks, consisting of 30 minutes conventional therapy followed by 40 minutes aerobic exercise (HIIT: six 1-minute high-intensity intervals at 80%–100% maximum heart rate (HRmax) with 4-minute active recovery; MICT: continuous exercise at 60%–80% HRmax). Outcomes included cardiovascular function (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max], HRmax, walking heart rate), gait (10-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go test, 6-Minute Walk Test), and lipid profiles (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides).
Results
In this higher-functioning cohort (n=29), HIIT showed significantly greater improvements than MICT in VO2max (F=40.574, p=0.001), HR_max (F=24.661, p=0.001), walking heart rate (F=11.277, p=0.002), 10-Meter Walk Test (F=20.865, p=0.001), Timed Up and Go test (F=12.317, p=0.002), and 6-Minute Walk Test (F=9.742, p=0.004). Lipid profiles improved significantly within the HIIT group only (p<0.05), no between-group differences were observed.
Conclusion
In higher-functioning chronic stroke survivors, HIIT was superior to MICT for cardiovascular fitness and functional mobility under a matched exposure; lipid changes occurred within HIIT only without between-group effects. These findings support incorporating HIIT into stroke rehabilitation programs to enhance recovery outcomes.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most encountered spinal deformity in growing children, which may bring significant impacts on patients’ physical function, appearance, and overall quality of life. A physiatrist plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis of AIS and longitudinal management through continuous care. Contemporary management for AIS is according to the skeletal maturity, the magnitude of the spinal curves, and the risk of progression. For mild curves, therapeutic exercises, particularly physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE), are employed as a conservative approach to improve postural symmetry and reduce the risk of curve progression. Bracing is required for moderate curves from 25 to 45 degrees in skeletally immature cases. Strict compliance with bracing is critical for therapeutic success. In cases that are rapidly progressive or in severe curves exceeding 40 to 45 degrees, spinal fusion surgery is considered the definitive treatment. Recent advancements in non-fusion and motion-preserving techniques provide alternative options to traditional fusion surgery. To protect maximal neurological function, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is currently the trend for spinal deformity correction surgery. The care for AIS patients is an individualized, multidisciplinary, patient-centered, growth-sensitive approach, aiming to optimize outcomes and minimize long-term complications. This review outlines a comprehensive rehabilitation-oriented strategy for AIS patients from the perspective of a physiatrist, encompassing clinical assessment, conservative management with observation, therapeutic exercises, bracing, and further considerations in referral to spinal surgery.

Citations

• Evaluating the Effectiveness of sEMG Biofeedback for Posture Training and Scoliosis Management
  Yiu-Hong Wong, Mei-chun Cheung, Qi-Wen Emma Lei, Joanne Yip, Yoel A. Klug
  BioMed Research International.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Interrelationships among 3D spinal alignment variables during active self-correction in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis
  Arkadiusz Żurawski, Sun-Young Ha
  European Spine Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Three-Dimensional Surface Topography for the Assessment of Spinal Alignment: A Cross-Sectional Study of Biomechanical Correlates
  Brigitte Osser, Csongor Toth, Gyongyi Osser, Laura Ioana Bondar, Liliana-Oana Pobirci, Florin Mihai Marcu, Ramona Nicoleta Suciu, Nicoleta Anamaria Pascalau, Adina Mincic, Corina Dalia Toderescu
  Diagnostics.2026; 16(10): 1445.     CrossRef
• Economic evaluation of school scoliosis screening in Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Gansu Province: a cost-utility analysis based on decision tree-Markov model
  Shaobo Yang, Juan Wang, Peiji Miao, Chen Zhang, Jin Huang, Xiaoyun Yuan, Yanxiang Zhang, Xiaohui Dou, Zhenheng Zhang, Zhe Liu, Jianjun Duan, Xueting Xu, Jiantao Wen, Shunjun Cui, Xiaole Zhu
  Frontiers in Public Health.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comment on “Automatic radiation-free evaluation of Cobb angle for spinal curvature based on fringe projection profilometry and deep learning technology”
  Y. M. Manu, Suresha Devaraju, B. M. Praveen
  Spine Deformity.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To compare the efficacy, safety, and patient compliance of tele-cardiac rehabilitation (T-CR) versus center-based cardiac rehabilitation (C-CR) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A secondary aim was to assess the effects of both interventions on quality of life (QoL) and kinesiophobia.
Methods
This nonrandomized, patient-preference controlled trial included 40 CAD patients (83% post-myocardial infarction) at a university hospital. Participants selected either C-CR or T-CR. The four-week intervention included supervised in-hospital exercise (C-CR) or telemonitored exercise with heart rate feedback (T-CR). The primary outcome was peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). Secondary outcomes included VO2 at ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VO2 at VAT), time to VAT, oxygen pulse, QoL, Fear of Activity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (Fact-CAD) scores, and exercise adherence.
Results
Baseline VO2 peak was higher in the T-CR group (23.2±3.5 vs. 19.4±4.2, p=0.004). Rehabilitation improved VO2 peak (p<0.001), VO2 at VAT (p=0.004), and time to VAT (p<0.001) in both groups. Fact-CAD scores decreased (p=0.004), and QoL improved (p<0.001). However, C-CR led to greater kinesiophobia reduction (p=0.038) and slightly higher QoL improvements (p=0.05). T-CR participants completed more exercise sessions (14.9±2.9 vs. 12.0±0, p<0.001), with no serious adverse events reported.
Conclusion
T-CR is a safe and effective alternative to C-CR, providing similar physiological benefits. However, C-CR may be superior in reducing kinesiophobia. Future studies should assess long-term adherence and psychological outcomes in diverse populations.

Citations

• Intervention to improve kinesiophobia in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  Lingqiao Gong, Panpan Xu, Xue Chen, Yue Kuang, Hong Tang
  BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To explore subjective vitality and mental health among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) in South Korea; specifically the relationship between subjective vitality and mental health and their associations with SCI-related factors, including health conditions, activity, environmental, and personal factors.
Methods
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the International Spinal Cord Injury Community Survey conducted in South Korea between March and October 2017. Data from 688 community-dwelling individuals with SCI were included in this study. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships between vitality, mental health, and their associated factors.
Results
A strong positive correlation was identified between subjective vitality and mental health (r=0.78, p<0.001). In multiple regression analyses, common factors significantly associated with both domains included sleep problems, healthcare-related activities, financial burden, self-efficacy, and belongingness. Bowel problems were associated only with subjective vitality, while pressure injury and perceived social attitudes were associated only with mental health.
Conclusion
These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive approaches that address secondary health complications, promote healthcare education, and alleviate financial burdens to enhance both subjective vitality and mental health in individuals with SCI. Additionally, psychological interventions that foster belongingness and strengthen self-efficacy may further contribute to psychological well-being following SCI. Further research is needed to validate these associations and evaluate the long-term effects of such multidimensional strategies on subjective vitality and overall quality of life following SCI.

Citations

• Subjective Vitality and School Burnout Among Preadolescents: The Mediation Effect of Self-Efficacy
  Sayema Rahman Rathi, Sabeha Sanjana, Mahbuba Sultana
  Psychological Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To assess patient gait ability by capturing both trend and scale aspects, this study proposes a method using the Pearson correlation coefficient and symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE).
Methods
Gait patterns from three patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) were analyzed using kinematic and kinetic data. In each case, using MAPE or Pearson correlation alone failed to provide a reliable assessment, revealing limitations in capturing the full characteristics of gait patterns.
Results
The combined use of Pearson and SMAPE effectively identified gait abnormalities across all cases. This integrated approach offered a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation than single-metric methods.
Conclusion
The findings highlight the importance of considering both trend and scale in gait analysis. The proposed dual-metric methodology overcomes the limitations of conventional and single-metric approaches, enabling a clearer understanding of gait characteristics in patients with hip OA.

Objective
To examine the effect of the telerehabilitation program on sleep quality and fatigue level in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was aimed in this study. MS is a demyelinating disease defined by various signs and symptoms that affects physical, emotional, social, and cognitive functioning. Fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment are the among common symptoms of MS.
Methods
The study implemented an individual exercise program for twice a week for 12 weeks via telerehabilitation. In the home-based video exercise group, the same exercises were given as video recordings and the patients were asked to do the exercises twice a week for 12 weeks. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Scale-54 and Timed 25 Foot Walk Test were used in the evaluation. The trial is registered with the number of NCT04979845 on ClinicalTrials.gov.
Results
PSQI scores changed from 5.6 (2.1) to 3.66 (2.09) in telerehabilitation group (p=0.03) while no significant change were seen in the video exercise group. Similarly FSS scores decreased from 4.37 (1.42) to 3.67 (1.68) in telerehabilitation group (p=0.04) while no significant changes were seen in the video based exercise group.
Conclusion
The telerehabilitation program is thought to be an effective and accessible non-pharmacological application that can be used in the treatment of sleep quality and fatigue in individuals with MS.

Citations

• Comparative efficacy of non- pharmacological interventions on sleep quality in patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
  Yanping Liu, Xiaoli Zhao, Congying Luo, Ai Chen, Xiaopeng Zeng
  PeerJ.2026; 14: e20900.     CrossRef
• FATIGUE IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS – MECHANISMS, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
  Kornelia Kaźmierkiewicz-Makanga, Weronika Spychalska, Emilia Piotrowicz, Filip Witowicz, Julia Glińska, Aleksandra Krawczyk, Wiktoria Waldon, Paulina Sumlet, Maria Gofron, Michał Duliński
  International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Management of upper limb deformities in patients with cerebral palsy is crucial, given its impact on activities of daily living, social interaction, and self-esteem. While medical management and rehabilitative therapy—including the use of assistive devices—remain the foundation of treatment, significant advancements have been made in surgical reconstruction techniques aimed at enhancing functional outcomes. Despite this, many eligible patients may miss the opportunity for surgical intervention due to limited awareness of appropriate indications, candidate selection criteria, and the availability of specialized expertise. This article provides an overview intended to guide pediatric rehabilitation physicians in recognizing common upper limb presentations in cerebral palsy, conducting appropriate assessments, selecting candidates, and understanding available surgical reconstructive options.

Objective
To compare the Hong (GH) and sustained insertion (GS) dry needling methods in patients with myofascial neck pain, this experimental study was conducted.
Methods
A randomized controlled trial included 30 participants, assigned to either the GH (n=15) or GS (n=15) group. Each group received treatment on either the right or left side, with one side receiving experimental DN and the other receiving control (sham) DN. The GS method involved a single needle insertion per myofascial trigger point for one minute, while the GH method used multiple rapid needle insertions over two minutes without needle retention. Measurements were taken before therapy, 5 minutes post-DN session (post-5min), 24 hours post-session (post-24h), and 7 days post-session (post-7d). Muscle tension (MT) and muscle stiffness (MS) were measured with a myotonometer, pressure pain threshold (PPT) with an algometer, maximum isometric strength (Fmax) with a handheld dynamometer, and transcutaneous perfusion (PU) with laser Doppler flowmetry. Power Doppler Score (PDS) and minor adverse events were also recorded.
Results
Results showed that GH led to significantly higher MT and MS values at post-24h and post-7d (p<0.001). In contrast, GS showed greater PPT and Fmax at post-5min, post-24h, and post-7d (p<0.001). Additionally, GH exhibited higher PU values at post-5min and post-7d (p<0.001), while GS showed higher PDS values at post-5min and post-24h (p<0.001).
Conclusion
The GH method resulted in less favorable outcomes in terms of MT and MS, while the GS method showed superior improvements in pain relief and functional recovery.

Citations

• Dry Needling Versus Kinesiotaping for Upper Trapezius Trigger Points: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Hira Younis, Mohammad Ali Khan, Imrana Aziz
  Healer Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences.2026; 2(1): 8.     CrossRef
• Dry needling frequency and its effect on pain and disability in acute cervical myofascial pain: a multicenter study
  Gracjan Olaniszyn, Adrian Kużdżał, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Ana Filipa Silva, Robert Trybulski
  Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.2026; 69(5): 102112.     CrossRef
• Clinical impact and relevance of dry needling site location in the management of chronic neck pain: a randomized controlled trial
  Fernando Piña-Pozo, Hermann Fricke-Comellas, Ángel Oliva Pascual-Vaca, Félix Paredes-López, Ana Isabel Hueso-Pérez, Alberto Marcos Heredia-Rizo
  Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy.2025; : 1.     CrossRef

Objective
To increase participation in cardiac rehabilitation among outpatients with heart disease in Thailand. Factors contributing to low participation are poorly understood. A scale is needed to identify barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly translated Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale Thai version to justify its use in the Thai population with cardiovascular diseases.
Methods
Psychometric testing was conducted using a cross-sectional survey of 200 outpatients at a Bangkok hospital eligible for the cardiac rehabilitation program from April 2023 to mid-April 2024. Construct validity was evaluated using principal axis factor analysis and first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha assessed the scale’s internal consistency.
Results
The average age of the total sample was 62.60±12.37 years. Principal axis factoring with Oblimin rotation and Kaiser normalization extracted four components (subscales) that explained 61.8% of the cumulative percentage of variance. These were labeled work and time conflicts, lack of perceived need factors, comorbidities, and logistical barriers. Values for the confirmatory factor analysis goodness of fit indices exceeded recommended minimum thresholds. The internal consistencies for the total scale and the four components were entirely acceptable.
Conclusion
The Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale Thai version has acceptable psychometric properties for Thai outpatients with cardiovascular diseases. It may be used to identify barriers to participating in cardiac rehabilitation, promote rehabilitation attendance, and improve patient care.

Objective
To investigate the temporal and kinematic parameters of hyoid bone excursion (HBE) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients with and without aspiration.
Methods
Videofluoroscopic swallowing study images from 28 HNC patients were divided into aspiration and non-aspiration groups. The kinematic parameters of HBE, including displacement, instantaneous velocity, and instantaneous acceleration, as well as the timing of reaching maximal values in these parameters, were analyzed.
Results
The timings of reaching maximal horizontal (2.37±1.10 seconds vs. 1.09±1.58 seconds, p=0.010; 0.68±0.28 vs. 0.37±0.26, p=0.010 for percentage of time), vertical (1.83±2.06 seconds vs. 0.86±1.42 seconds, p=0.020) and hypotenuse instantaneous velocities (2.36±1.96 seconds vs. 0.79±1.20 seconds, p=0.006; 0.60±0.33 vs. 0.33±0.24, p=0.028 for percentage of time), as well as the timings of reaching maximal horizontal (2.22±1.50 seconds vs. 0.90±1.26 seconds, p=0.009; 0.60±0.32 vs. 0.37±0.29, p=0.041 for percentage of time), vertical (2.09±1.94 seconds vs. 0.83±1.19 seconds, p=0.003), and hypotenuse instantaneous accelerations (2.49±1.93 seconds vs. 0.81±1.24 seconds, p=0.004; 0.65±0.34 vs. 0.34±0.28, p=0.026 for percentage of time) were significantly prolonged in the aspiration group. After signal smoothing, the aspiration group exhibited delayed timing in reaching maximal horizontal instantaneous velocity (2.07±1.09 seconds vs. 0.74±1.10 seconds, p=0.004; 0.58±0.29 vs. 0.32±0.24, p=0.017 for percentage of time), as well as maximal horizontal (2.18±1.16 seconds vs. 1.12±1.46 seconds, p=0.008) and hypotenuse accelerations (2.21±2.50 seconds vs. 0.81±1.21 seconds, p=0.011). There were no significant between-group differences in other kinematic parameters, except for horizontal displacement (7.66±6.26 mm vs. 12.14±5.82 mm, p=0.042).
Conclusion
The timings of reaching maximal instantaneous velocities and accelerations of HBE, rather than the maximum values of these kinematic parameters, may be critical parameters related to aspiration in HNC patients.

Objective
To examine the short-term and long-term effects of computer-based cognitive training on postural stability, locomotion, and cognitive performance in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients.
Methods
Sixty-eight PD participated in this randomized-controlled trial, were randomly allocated into two groups; control group (GA) received a designed physiotherapy program for 60 minutes, and an experimental group (GB) got 30 minutes physiotherapy program as GA, along with 30 minutes of computerized cognitive training. Treatment sessions were three times/week for eight weeks. Primary outcomes were balance and spatiotemporal gait parameters; cognition was a secondary outcome. Primary and secondary measures were examined at baseline, immediately post-treatment, and three months post-treatment.
Results
From baseline to post-treatment, GB showed greater reductions in postural sway compared to GA. The mean differences in stability indices were 1.461±1.240, 0.982±1.185, and 1.006±0.982 in GB, vs. 0.581±1.503, 0.426±1.459, and 0.374±1.072 in GA. For gait parameters (gait velocity, stride length, and cadence), GB demonstrated larger improvements, with mean differences of -0.361±0.245, -0.242±0.158, and -11.606±12.628, compared to -0.155±0.254, -0.191±0.248, and -4.516±10.773 in GA. PD-Cognitive Rating Scale improved more substantially in GB (-16.091±6.978) than in GA (-1.129±4.552). These gains in postural stability, gait, and cognition were statistically significant (p<0.001) and sustained at the 3-month follow-up.
Conclusion
Computerized cognitive training as an add-on in the rehabilitation of PD is efficient in improving postural stability and locomotion, as well as the cognitive performance. The consistency of these findings for 3 months is an imperative point in the clinical course of PD patients.

Citations

• Efficacy of Adding Lower Extremity Weights on Balance and Gait Disturbances in Children with Ataxic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Nehad A Abo-zaid, Heba A Khalifa, Tamer M Shousha, Mohamed Y Abdelsamee, Walaa E Heneidy
  NeuroRehabilitation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate muscle tone changes over time in contralateral homonymous muscles when unilateral muscles are stimulated, using F-wave measurements, we examined whether vibratory stimulation on the contralateral homonymous muscle of the affected side may reduce spasticity, whose optimal duration remains unclear.
Methods
Vibratory stimulation was applied to the right hand of healthy adults, using parameters of 80 Hz frequency, 0.4 mm amplitude, 400 g load, and 195 seconds of duration on the abductor digiti minimi muscle. F-wave was measured in the left hand before stimulation, at seven intervals during stimulation, and immediately after.
Results
The F/M amplitude ratio decreased immediately at stimulation onset, at 30 seconds, and at 60 seconds compared to baseline. A least-squares analysis revealed a negative slope from baseline to 60 seconds (f(x)=-0.11x+1.12), while the slope became positive after 90 seconds, continuing after stimulation ended (f(x)=0.04x+0.82).
Conclusion
Unilateral vibratory stimulation may decrease excitability in the spinal anterior horn cells of the contralateral homonymous muscle for up to 75 seconds post-stimulation, suggesting a potential mechanism for spasticity management.

Wearable robotic exoskeletons have emerged as promising technologies for enhancing gait rehabilitation and providing mobility assistance in individuals with neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. This narrative review summarizes recent advances in wearable robots—including both rigid exoskeletons and soft exosuits—and evaluates their clinical application across diverse conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson’s disease. For rehabilitation purposes, these devices enable repetitive, task-specific gait training that promotes motor learning, reduces therapist burden, and facilitates improvements in walking speed, balance, and endurance. Rigid exoskeletons provide substantial joint support and are particularly effective for patients with severe gait impairments, whereas soft exosuits offer lightweight assistance suited to individuals with milder deficits or fatigue, albeit with limited capacity to deliver high-torque support. Beyond rehabilitation, wearable robots are increasingly used as assistive devices to compensate for permanent gait limitations and restore mobility in daily life. However, widespread clinical adoption remains constrained by several challenges, including a lack of standardized protocols; limited evidence from large-scale, multicenter studies; and practical issues such as device weight, comfort, and ease of use in community settings. Recent developments—such as adaptive control algorithms, volition-adaptive assistance, and artificial intelligence integration—are addressing these barriers by enabling more personalized and responsive support. With continued research investment, user-centered design, and supportive policies, wearable exoskeletons hold considerable potential to improve independence, participation, and quality of life for individuals across a broad spectrum of mobility impairments.

Citations

• The potential of robotics: A systematic review of neuroplastic changes following advanced lower limb rehabilitation in neurological disorders
  Rocco Salvatore Calabrò, Andrea Calderone, Laura Simoncini, Antonino Naro, Lorenzo Octavio Small Haughton, Angelo Quartarone, Carl Froilan D. Leochico
  Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2026; 180: 106459.     CrossRef
• A review of treatment methods for movement disorders
  Mahdi Khezri, Shakiba Afsar
  Behavioural Brain Research.2026; 500: 115979.     CrossRef
• Transforming telemedicine through predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM): innovations, challenges, and future directions
  Yufan Yang, Wangzheqi Zhang, Chang Liu, Haoling Zhang, Xinyu Shen, Yan Liao, Wenwen Shi, Li Gui
  EPMA Journal.2026; 17(1): 21.     CrossRef
• Trust Isn’t Binary: Analysis of User Sentiment for Assistive Human–Robot Interaction
  Randyll Pandohie, Edgard M. Maboudou-Tchao, Nihad Habizada, Morris Beato, Aman Behal
  Machines.2026; 14(5): 488.     CrossRef
• A Soft Wheel Robotic Cane for Light Mobility Disabilities
  Tomás Ferreira, João Silva Sequeira, Isabel Marques Santos, Ana Marques Oliveira
  Actuators.2026; 15(5): 232.     CrossRef
• Interpretable side-aware kinematic-sEMG gait-state representations relevant to adaptive neurorobotic assistance after stroke: a public-dataset study
  Rocco Salvatore Calabrò, Andrea Calderone, Alessio Baricich, Andrea Santamato, Francesca Antonia Arcadi, Alessandro Marco De Nunzio, Angelo Quartarone
  Frontiers in Neurorobotics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Design and analysis of lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton based on pneumatic artificial muscle
  Tianhong Luo, Xiangyu Ma, Tianhao Feng, Yuan Li, Changdeng Hou
  Smart Materials and Structures.2026; 35(6): 065003.     CrossRef
• Influence of Rehabilitation Aid Use on Obstacle Height During Gait in Patients with Foot Drop: A Case Series Study
  Joonsung Park, Himchan Shim, Changho Jang, Hanyang Yin, Jongbin Kim
  Healthcare.2025; 13(22): 2984.     CrossRef
• A Wearable System for Knee Osteoarthritis: Based on Multimodal Physiological Signal Assessment and Intelligent Rehabilitation
  Jingyi Hu, Shuyi Wang, Yichun Shen, Xinrong Miao
  Sensors.2025; 25(23): 7334.     CrossRef
• Ethical Horizons in Robotic Rehabilitation: Ensuring Safe AI Use Under the EU AI Act
  Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
  Medical Sciences.2025; 13(4): 317.     CrossRef

Objective
Primary frozen shoulder causes significant pain and progressively restricts shoulder movements. Diagnosis is primarily clinically based on patient history and physical examination. Management is mainly non-invasive owing to its self-limiting clinical course. However, clinical practice guidelines for frozen shoulder have not yet been developed in Korea. The developed guidelines aim to provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of frozen shoulder.
Methods
A guideline development committee reviewed the literature from four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and KMbase). Using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome) framework, the committee formulated two backgrounds and 16 key questions to address common clinical concerns. Recommendations were made using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework.
Results
Diabetes, thyroid disease, and dyslipidemia significantly increase the risk of developing a frozen shoulder. Although frozen shoulder is often self-limiting, some patients may experience long-term disabilities. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging should be used as adjunctive tools alongside clinical diagnosis, and not as independent diagnostic methods. Noninvasive approaches, such as medications, physical modalities, exercises, electrical stimulation, and manual therapy, may reduce pain and improve shoulder function. Other noninvasive interventions have limited evidence, and their application should be based on clinical judgment. Intra-articular steroid injections are recommended for treatment, and physiotherapy or hydrodilatation with steroid injections can also be beneficial.
Conclusion
These guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and treating primary frozen shoulder.

Citations

• Comparison of efficacy of intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma with bupivacaine and steroid combination in chronic shoulder pain
  Naveen Malhotra, Neha Sinha, Amit Kumar, Ritu, Disha Gupta, Naman Malhotra
  Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology.2026; 42(1): 120.     CrossRef
• Hyperlipidemia exacerbates frozen shoulder fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway via the TBX5-TNC-Itgα2 axis
  Fan Jiang, Yi Zhang, Jinlong Ma, Tengbo Yu, Youliang Shen
  iScience.2026; 29(2): 114660.     CrossRef
• Axillary Recess Capsular Edema Is Associated With Heterogeneity in Rehabilitation Response: Implications for a Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Stratified Treatment Strategy for Adhesive Capsulitis
  De-Ting Zhu, Yan-Qi Shan, Yan Wang, Chen Chen, Da-Dong Zhang, Xiu-Li Kan, Quan-Bing Zhang, Xue-Ming Li, Yun Zhou
  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2026; 107(6): 1338.     CrossRef
• Clinical efficacy of Mulligan mobilization with movement versus proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on pain reduction and shoulder mobility in patients with frozen shoulder
  Sylejman Miftari, Mejdi Aliu
  Health, sport, rehabilitation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the effects of a home-based rehabilitation program on physical capacity, lung function, and health-related quality of life (QOL) in patients with advanced lung cancer undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy.
Methods
Between December 2021 and December 2023, participants were randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. The exercise group engaged in a home-based exercise program, including respiratory, aerobic, and resistance training, for 60 minutes per session, three times per week, before the first tumor response evaluation. Outcome evaluations included the 6-minute walk test, spirometry to measure lung function (specifically assessing forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1] and forced vital capacity, hand grip strength, and QOL assessments using the Short Form 36-Item Health Survey and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Lung Cancer Module 29. Participants were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and followed up for 1 year.
Results
Twenty-one of the 26 participants completed the study. The control group showed a significant decrease in FEV1 (p=0.011). Delays in chemotherapy occurred in 40.0% of participants in the control group but none in the exercise group (p=0.019). Mental health showed improvement in the exercise group (p=0.041), whereas adverse effects were more common in the control group (p=0.007), according to QOL questionnaire results.
Conclusion
Home-based rehabilitation during chemotherapy may help maintain lung function, improve mental health, and reduce side effects in patients with lung cancer, warranting further research.

Citations

• Nurse-supported hybrid home-based pulmonary rehabilitation improves psychological distress, quality of life, and functional performance in advanced lung cancer: A randomized controlled trial
  Wei-Ling Liu, Jung-Yien Chien, Yu-Ying Lu, Kuei-Fen Liu
  European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2026; 81: 103130.     CrossRef
• The Role of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Inoperable Advanced Lung Cancer: A Scoping Review
  Huang Yi, Zeng Fan, Feng Lijuan, Ricardo Santiago Gomez
  European Journal of Cancer Care.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Construction of the central symptom cluster management program for patients with lung cancer undergoing chemotherapy: a Delphi study
  Le Zhang, Yuanyuan Luo, Dongmei Mao, Benxiang Zhu, Zhihui Yang, Cui Cui, Jingxia Miao, Lili Zhang
  BMC Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, leads to sensory and motor impairments that significantly affect fine motor skills, grip strength, and dexterity, limiting daily functioning. Understanding the impact of DPN on hand-related activities of daily living (ADLs) is crucial for improving patient care and outcomes. This review employed the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework to assess hand function issues. A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was conducted across multiple databases to identify research examining the impact of DPN on hand-related ADLs. The findings were categorised using relevant ICF codes linked to hand function issues. The analysis identified four major themes: (1) the impact of DPN on daily activities and participation; (2) sensory impairments affecting hand function; (3) muscle weakness and functional limitations; and (4) unaddressed areas, such as structural changes, driving, assisting others, and preparing meals. DPN was found to significantly hinder hand function, reducing independence in ADLs and overall quality of life. This review highlights the need for comprehensive assessments that address not only impairments, but also activity limitations and participation restrictions, to capture the multifaceted challenges of DPN. Developing targeted assessments tailored to the specific needs of individuals with DPN is essential for improving intervention strategies and overall quality of care.

Citations

• Prediction of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes using high-frequency ultrasound and shear-wave elastography of the median and tibial nerves: a nomogram study
  Kunbin Wu, Jiaying Wang, Wenting Jiang, Xiaohan Cai, Lu Huang, Boyu She, Menglu Song, Zhenhan Lai, Guorong Lyu
  European Journal of Medical Research.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Rehabilitation interventions for upper limb dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus, with or without diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Noor Aziella Mohd Nayan, Mohammed Alrashdi, Hakim Zulkarnaen, Setho Hadisuyatmana, Hazliza Razali, Ahmad Zamir Che Daud
  Disability and Rehabilitation.2026; : 1.     CrossRef
• Hand function in immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases: assessment and rehabilitation approaches
  Umida Khojakulova, Olena Zimba, Mariusz Korkosz, Burhan Fatih Kocyigit
  Rheumatology International.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

The effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of IMT in enhancing breathing muscle strength, pulmonary function, and quality of life (QoL) among patients with cervical SCI. A search was performed using the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases through December 2023. This review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Library Handbook. The meta-analysis used mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences to pool the results. The Risk of Bias 2 and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) were used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. This systematic review included five randomized controlled trials (202 participants). The results of the meta-analysis showed that IMT significantly improved maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) with MD 12.13 cmH2O (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.22 to 20.03), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) with MD 8.98 cmH2O (95% CI 6.96 to 11.00), and vital capacity (VC) with MD 0.25 L (95% CI 0.21 to 0.28). There were no significant improvements in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and QoL. The quality of the evidence ranged from very low to moderate, owing to bias and heterogeneity. Our results showed that IMT may improve MIP, MEP, and VC, but not FEV1, FVC, or QoL, in patients with cervical SCI. Further large-scale studies are required to determine this effect’s optimal dosage and duration.

Citations

• Rewiring the Lung–CNS Axis After Spinal Cord Injury
  HaiRong Wu, Xiaolong Li, Wenjun Zhao, Yihan Li, Hang Zhang, Heng Yin, Xiaofeng Gu
  Journal of Inflammation Research.2026; Volume 19: 1.     CrossRef
• Effects of whole-body vibration training on sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  Jaewon Beom, Jae-Young Lim, Sang Yoon Lee
  Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• RESPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IN SPORTS AND REHABILITATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW
  Martyna Łubianka, Wiktor Słyś
  International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To examine the contribution of perceived upper limb function to participation and activity among community-dwelling people with chronic stroke.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with eighty-one people with stroke aged ≥50 years. The outcome measures included the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ), Arm Activity Measure (ArmA), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).
Results
Correlation analyses revealed that perceived upper limb function, as measured using the ArmA, had the strongest and most significant correlations with the levels of participation and activity, as measured using the Ox-PAQ, among all of the tested variables (rs=0.35–0.59, p<0.01). Multiple linear regression analyses also showed that perceived upper limb function significantly associated the levels of participation and activity, accounting for 2.0% to 9.0% of the variance in the Ox-PAQ scores. The final model, which included TUG time, the GDS score, the WMFT score, and the ArmA score, could explain 54% and 28% of the variance in the routine activities and social engagement subscales of the Ox-PAQ, respectively. The model including the GDS score, the WMFT score, and the ArmA score explains 32% of the variance in the emotional well-being subscale of the Ox-PAQ.
Conclusion
Perceived upper limb function is a crucial determinant of participation and activity among community-dwelling people with chronic stroke. It could thus be a target component of stroke rehabilitation interventions to facilitate participation and activity after stroke.

Citations

• Upper Limb Capacity, Performance, and Leisure Participation in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
  Manel Abid, Isabelle Poitras, Léandre Gagné-Pelletier, Carole Rigourd, Charles Sèbiyo Batcho, Catherine Mercier
  Sensors.2025; 25(23): 7120.     CrossRef

Objective
To investigate the effectiveness of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) on pain, lumbar range of motion (ROM) and F-wave minimal latency and F-chronodispersion in patients with post laminectomy epidural fibrosis.
Methods
Sixty patients complaining of low back pain and sciatica secondary to lumbar post laminectomy epidural fibrosis were allocated to one of the two equal groups (study and control groups). Pain intensity, lumbar ROM, and F-wave latency and F-chronodispersion were assessed pre- and posttreatment using visual analogue scale (VAS), Back ROM II device, and Neuro-MEP-Micro electromyography device, respectively.
Results
Posttreatment mean values showed statistically significant decrease in VAS mean scores in both groups, with more significant decrease posttreatment in favor of the study group. There was statistically significant increase in all lumbar ROM mean scores and statistically significant decrease in F-minimal latency and F-chronodispersion for both peroneal and tibial nerves in the study group only posttreatment. Also, the results showed that significant positive moderate correlation between VAS scores and F-chronodispersion for peroneal nerve, strong negative correlation between right side bending scores and F-wave minimal latency for peroneal nerve and moderate negative correlation between left side bending scores and F-wave minimal latency for peroneal nerve after treatment.
Conclusion
It was concluded that rESWT is a new and convenient modality, that would be beneficial if added to the conventional physical therapy protocols in managing patients with lumbar post-laminectomy epidural fibrosis.

Objective
To assess mobility in prosthetic limb users, the Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M) was developed as a brief item bank. The PLUS-M exhibits good reliability and has been translated into more than 15 languages; however, a Korean translation is not yet available. Therefore, this study translated the 44 items of PLUS-M into the Korean language and analysed the psychometric properties of the PLUS-M/Short Form 12 (PLUS-M/SF- 12) instrument through official procedures.
Methods
The process of Korean translation began with a consultation with the developer of the PLUS-M and included the first and second compatibility verification, back-translation, back-translation verification by the developer, and the final approval of the Korean version. This study tested validity using different instruments such as Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale, 2-Minute Walk Test, Timed Up and Go Test to assess various characteristics related to mobility. The translated version PLUS-M was then sent to two physical therapists working at Incheon Hospital and one prosthetist working at a Rehabilitation Engineering Center for them to assess the appropriateness of term use and understanding of the instrument.
Results
The study found excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the PLUS-M/SF-12 Korean version questionnaire, indicating its reliability and predictability across repeated measurements.
Conclusion
This study provided a tool to assess the mobility of individuals with lower limb amputations.

Objective
To investigate the impact of self-efficacy in using one’s upper limbs on the overall wellbeing of stroke patients, we developed the Korean version of the Confidence of Arm and Hand Movement (K-CAHM) scale by modifying the original CAHM to suit Korean cultural conditions.
Methods
This study was conducted from May 2022 to June 2023 at a rehabilitation hospital with 54 stroke patients. Participants with sufficient cognitive and verbal abilities were included, while those with severe comorbidities were excluded. For the translation and cultural adaptation of CAHM into Korean, permission was obtained from the original author. Two translators independently translated the questionnaire, followed by a consensus discussion and expert review to create K-CAHM version 1.0. After back-translation and further review, the final Korean version was completed. Reliability and validity were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), exploratory factor analysis, Bland–Altman analysis, and Pearson correlation.
Results
The K-CAHM showed good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=0.97; ICC=0.895). Bland–Altman plot analysis showed good agreement, indicating test-retest reliability. Moreover, K-CAHM showed good concurrent validity, demonstrated by its correlation with three domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Fugl-Meyer assessment, the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, personal hygiene and bathing in the modified Barthel Index, and hand and stroke recovery domain in the Stroke Impact Scale.
Conclusion
The newly developed K-CAHM could complement other outcome measures, facilitating patient-centered rehabilitation in the Korean context.

Objective
To investigate the effects of modified stepping exercises over six weeks on functional mobility and individual lower extremity muscle strength in community-dwelling older individuals.
Methods
This prospective randomized controlled trial design was conducted in thirty-two older adults who completed a modified stepping exercises program (n=16 for soft-surface stepping exercise; n=16 for firm-surface stepping exercise). These exercises were practiced for 50 minutes/day, three days/week, over six weeks. They were assessed for their functional mobility relating to levels of independence at baseline, after 4 weeks, after 6 weeks of intervention, and at 1 month after the last intervention sessions.
Results
Both groups showed significant improvements in functional mobility, lower extremity muscle strength, and walking speed after 4 and 6 weeks of intervention, as well as at the one-month follow-up. However, the soft-surface stepping exercise group exhibited significantly greater improvements in dynamic balance (p=0.035) and lower extremity muscle strength (p=0.015) compared to the firm-surface stepping exercise group after 6 weeks of intervention. Additionally, the soft-surface group demonstrated superior gains in hip flexor (p=0.041), hip extensor (p=0.047), hip adductor (p=0.026), and hip abductor strength (p=0.046), with these enhancements maintained at the one-month follow-up.
Conclusion
Soft-surface stepping exercise that involves whole-body movements offers a promising alternative to promote independence and safety among community-dwelling older adults. This study underscores the need for future research to evaluate the sustained impact of these benefits post-intervention, particularly during a retention period following the intervention.

Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of a squatting posture grading system established to screen for limited ankle dorsiflexion.
Methods
The squat posture grading system categorizes subjects’ squat posture into three grades. Grade 1 is defined as being able to maintain a squatting posture with heels on the ground in full ankle dorsiflexion without effort. Grade 2 is defined as being able to perform the same position, but unable to maintain the position for more than 5 seconds or requiring trunk and leg muscle efforts to maintain the position. Grade 3 is defined as being unable to maintain the same position and falling backwards immediately if attempted to touch the ground with heels. Next, subjects’ ankle dorsiflexion angles were directly measured in knee flexed and extended position by goniometer.
Results
Out of the 92 total subjects, 35 were in grade 1, 18 were in grade 2, and 39 were in grade 3. The average ankle dorsiflexion angle with knee flexed position were 23.13° for grade 1, 16.03° for grade 2, and 9.31° for grade 3. The average ankle dorsiflexion angle with knee extended position were 15.16° for grade 1, 7.92° for grade 2, and 3.40° for grade 3. Ankle dorsiflexion angles showed a significant decrease from grade 1 to 3 (p<0.05).
Conclusion
The squatting posture grading system defined in this study effectively graded the subjects based on the difference in their average ankle dorsiflexion angle. This system could be used as a quick screening method for limited ankle dorsiflexion.

Objective
To determine the effectiveness of adding inspiratory muscle training (IMT) alongside a pulmonary rehabilitation protocol in terms of inspiratory muscle strength, lung function, and exercise capacity in burned adults.
Methods
A randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled study. Fifty-two adult patients with burn injuries, more than 20 years old and at least 20% total body surface area, were assigned randomly either to the experimental or the conventional group. The participants in the experimental group were given IMT plus a pulmonary rehabilitation program; the conventional group received only a pulmonary rehabilitation program. The interventions were performed for 8 weeks. At the beginning and after 8 weeks of training, the respiratory muscles’ strength, lung function and exercise capacity were all examined.
Results
After 2 months of training, the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements than conventional group in maximum inspiratory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure, 6-minute walk test, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p<0.05).
Conclusion
An 8-week IMT program coupled with pulmonary rehabilitation increases respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary functions, and functional capacity in burn patients. IMT is a beneficial and efficient therapy that can be easily implemented for burn patients.

Objective
To implement early rehabilitation interventions by physical therapists is recommended. However, the effectiveness of early rehabilitation for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in the prevention of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) is unclear. We analyzed a multicenter prospective observational study (Post-Intensive Care outcomeS in patients with COronaVIrus Disease 2019) to examine the association between early rehabilitation interventions and PICS physical impairment.
Methods
An analysis was performed on COVID-19 patients who were admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) between March 2020 and March 2021, and required mechanical ventilation. The primary outcome was the incidence of PICS physical impairment (Barthel Index≤90) after one year. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between early rehabilitation interventions and PICS physical impairment by adjusting ICU mobility scale (IMS) during seven-day following ICU admission, and clinically relevant risk factors.
Results
The analysis included 259 patients, 54 of whom developed PICS physical impairment one year later. In 81 patients, physical therapists intervened within seven days of ICU admission. There was no significant difference in mean IMS by day seven of admission between the early and non-early rehabilitation patients (0.70 and 0.61, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that early rehabilitation interventions were significantly associated with a low incidence of PICS physical impairment (odds ratio, 0.294; 95% confidence interval, 0.123–0.706; p=0.006).
Conclusion
Early rehabilitation interventions by physical therapists were an independent factor associated with the decreased development of PICS physical impairment at one year, even though early rehabilitation had no significant effect on IMS.

Citations

• Post-COVID Respiratory Sequelae in COPD: Mucus Plugging, Infectious Complications, and Risk-Stratified Follow-Up
  Florina Cristiana Lucaciu, Norbert Wellmann, Ana Maria Mihai, Alexandra Sima, Ovidiu Rosca, Madalina-Ianca Suba, Andrada Tarau, Alexandra Bosoanca, Monica Marc
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(8): 2890.     CrossRef

Objective
To prove 5-time sit-to-stand (5-STS) and 30-second sit-to-stand (30sSTS) tests in assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic heart failure (HF) patients with systolic dysfunction. Alternative tests, such as 5-STS and 30sSTS, may be used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with HF but have not been thoroughly evaluated. Thus, this study aimed to prove 5-STS and 30sSTS tests in assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic HF patients with systolic dysfunction.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was done, evaluating chronic HF patients with systolic dysfunction that have received optimal guideline directed medical treatment for at least 3 months. All patients underwent the same intervention on the same day, starting with an initial 5-STS test, followed by a 30sSTS, and a 6-minute walk test (6MWT).
Results
A total of 34 patients were enrolled in this study. The median left ventricular ejection fraction was 44% (interquartile range=34%–48%). Mean values of 5-STS, 30sSTS, and 6MWT were 13.90±4.72, 13.29±3.38, and 463.65±87.04, respectively. 5-STS showed moderate correlation with 6MWT (r=-0.436, p=0.01). However, the 30sSTS revealed strong correlation with 6MWT (r=0.629, p<0.001).
Conclusion
The 30sSTS test had strong correlation with 6MWT. It could be used to illustrate cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic HF patients with systolic dysfunction.

Citations

• Muscle Strength and Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease Men: A Pilot Study
  Katarzyna Romejko, Katarzyna Szamotulska, Stanisław Niemczyk
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(4): 1338.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Different Tests to Assess Cardiorespiratory Capacity in Adult Male Football Players with Intellectual Disability
  Borja Suarez-Villadat, José Luis Maté-Muñoz, Juan Hernández-Lougedo, Ariel Villagra-Astudillo, Blanca Jiménez-Rojo, Fernando Jesús-Franco, Luis Maicas-Pérez, Pablo García-Fernández
  Healthcare.2026; 14(5): 568.     CrossRef
• Measurement properties of the 30-second sit-to-stand test in post COVID-19 condition: Results from the PYCNOVID randomised controlled trial
  Julia Braun, Julia Kopp, Lisa Künzi, Milo A Puhan, Jan S Fehr, Thomas Radtke, Mukhtiar Baig
  PLOS One.2026; 21(5): e0348275.     CrossRef
• A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study on the Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Fall Risk in Older Adults Based on Multiple Outcome Measures: 10MWT, 5TSIS, CTSIB-M, and 6MWT
  Mary Bayer, Halle Krisinski, Nikita Sak, Rob Sillevis
  Journal of Rehabilitation Practices and Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Reliability and interchangeability of 1-minute sit-to-stand, 3-minute chair rise, and 3-minute walk tests in assessing functional capacity
  Meredith T Yeung, Xian Cong Goh, Ray Han Lian, Anne C. Ting, Mingxing Yang
  Journal of Sports Sciences.2025; 43(21): 2538.     CrossRef

Objective
To establish and evaluate the validity of the recently developed Korean version of the Oxford Cognitive Screen (K-OCS), this study verified its reliability, validity, and diagnostic accuracy.
Methods
Between November 2021 and December 2023, we recruited 72 patients with stroke from our hospital who agreed to participate in the study. The patients were repeatedly tested using K-OCS by the same or different assessors to estimate inter- and intra-rater reliability. To demonstrate the validity and usability of K-OCS, the test results of screening tools currently used in clinical practice, including the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination and the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, were used in comparison analyses.
Results
The subtests of K-OCS demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.914–0.998) and test–retest reliability (ICC=0.913–0.994). We found moderate-to-strong correlations for convergent validity for the subsets (r=0.378– 0.979, p<0.01), and low-to-moderate discriminant validity correlations. The optimal cut-offs estimated for the subtests of the K-OCS showed a good-to-high range of specificity (94.8%– 100%). The positive predictive value was 58.2%–100% and negative predictive value was 65.6%–98.4%. Sensitivity was estimated at 25.6%–86.9%.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that K-OCS is a reliable and valid tool for screening cognitive impairment in patients post-stroke.

Citations

• Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability Analysis of MMSE-K and Tablet PC-Based MMSE-K Kit in Patients with Neurologic Disease
  Seung-Ho Choun, Sang-Woo Lee, Yu-Sun Min, Eunhee Park, Jee-Hyun Kim, Tae-Du Jung
  Healthcare.2025; 13(23): 3015.     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the association between outcomes, including affected extremity functions and activities of daily living (ADL), and fractional anisotropy (FA) derived from automated tractography incorporating age among patients after stroke.
Methods
This study enrolled stroke patients, and diffusion-tensor imaging was conducted during the second week. Standardized automated tractography was utilized to compute FA values in the corticospinal tract (CST), the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). Outcome evaluations were performed at discharge from our affiliated rehabilitation facility. Extremity functions were assessed using the total scores of the motor component of the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS-motor). Independence levels in ADL were appraised through the motor and cognition components of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). For each outcome measure, multivariate regression analysis incorporated the FA values of the CST, the IFOF, and the SLF, along with age.
Results
Forty-two patients were enrolled in the final analytical database. Among the four explanatory variables, the CST emerged as the most influential factor for SIAS-motor scores. Conversely, age proved to be the primary determinant for both the motor and cognition components of FIM, surpassing the impact of FA metrics, including the CST and the IFOF.
Conclusion
The key influencing factors exhibited significant variations based on the targeted outcome assessments. Clinicians should be aware of these differences when utilizing neuroimaging techniques to predict stroke outcomes.

Objective
To comprehensively assess the relationship between nerve conduction study (NCS), sympathetic skin response (SSR), and demographic factors in patients with diabetic neuropathy, exploring potential risk factors and mechanisms.
Methods
A retrospective study (N=184) included patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing NCS and SSR. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. Patients were categorized by diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and SSR stages for comparative analysis.
Results
HbA1c levels correlated with DPN progression. SSR stages exhibited age-related differences. Height correlated with DPN but not SSR stages. Body mass index showed no significant differences.
Conclusion
While DPN progression correlated with glycemic control and duration of diabetes, SSR was influenced by age. Unexpectedly, cholesterol levels remained within the normal range, challenging established concepts. Understanding these relationships is crucial for interpreting test results and developing targeted interventions for diabetic neuropathy.