Objective
To investigate the effect of low frequency cerebellar repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on balance impairment in patients with cerebral infarction.
Methods
Thirty-two patients were randomly divided into two groups: rTMS group (n=16) and control (n=16). In the rTMS group, treatment was performed five times per week for 2 weeks (10 sessions), and in the control group, a sham coil was used with the sound and sensation of scalp similar to the rTMS coil. Patients in both groups underwent a conventional rehabilitation program. Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was used as the primary outcome measurement. Timed Up and Go test (TUG), 10-m walk test (10mWT), and Activity-specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC) were used as the secondary outcome measurement. All scales were measured at baseline (T0), after 10 sessions of rTMS (T1), and at 4 weeks after treatment completion (T2) by therapists with over 5 years of clinical experience.
Results
There were significant improvements between T0 and T1, and between T0 and T2, for all assessed items in the rTMS group. Whereas there were significant improvements between T0 and T1, and between T0 and T2, for the BBS and 10mWT in the control group. TUG (-4.87±5.05 vs. -0.50±2.97 seconds) and ABC score (8.10±8.33 vs. 0.16±0.97) were observed significant differences in comparison of the changes from T0 to T1 between the two group. BBS score (4.40±3.66 vs. 1.88±3.14), TUG (-4.87±4.56 vs. -0.62±2.96 seconds) and ABC score (8.22±7.70 vs. -0.09±0.86) differed significantly from T0 to T2 between the two groups.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that low-frequency cerebellar rTMS is helpful for improving balance in patients with cerebral infarction, and maybe a beneficial treatment for these patients.

Citations

• Exploring cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation in post-stroke limb dysfunction rehabilitation: a narrative review
  Zhan Wang, Likai Wang, Fei Gao, Yongli Dai, Chunqiao Liu, Jingyi Wu, Mengchun Wang, Qinjie Yan, Yaning Chen, Chengbin Wang, Litong Wang
  Frontiers in Neuroscience.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of cerebellar repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Xin Wang, Guilan Huang, Daoran Wang, Lu Sun, Haobo Leng, Kai Zheng, Xinlei Xu, Guofu Zhang, Caili Ren
  Brain Research Bulletin.2025; 225: 111341.     CrossRef
• Effects of Cerebellar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on the Motor Function of Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
  Yongxin Zhu, Juncong Yang, Kun Wang, Xianwen Li, Jiahui Ling, Xie Wu, Lianhui Fu, Qi Qi
  Brain and Behavior.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Efficacy of Cerebellar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Post-stroke Balance and Limb Motor Function Impairments: Meta-analyses of Random Controlled Trials and Resting-State fMRI Studies
  Yuheng Zeng, Zujuan Ye, Wanxin Zheng, Jue Wang
  The Cerebellum.2024; 23(4): 1678.     CrossRef
• Cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation for improving balance capacity and activity of daily living in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Jingfeng Wang, Zhisheng Wu, Shanshan Hong, Honghong Ye, Yi Zhang, Qiuxiang Lin, Zehuang Chen, Liling Zheng, Jiawei Qin
  BMC Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Cerebellar Non-Invasive Stimulation on Neurorehabilitation in Stroke Patients: An Updated Systematic Review
  Qi Liu, Yang Liu, Yumei Zhang
  Biomedicines.2024; 12(6): 1348.     CrossRef
• Bilateral Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Chronic Ataxia After Hemorrhagic Stroke: a Case Report
  Evan Hy Einstein, Juliana Corlier, Cole Matthews, Doan Ngo, Michael K. Leuchter, Cole Citrenbaum, Nikita Vince-Cruz, Bhavna Ramesh, Aaron Slan, Scott A. Wilke, Nathaniel Ginder, Thomas Strouse, Andrew F. Leuchter
  The Cerebellum.2023; 23(3): 1254.     CrossRef

Objective
To compare transverse and longitudinal safe zones using ultrasonography between healthy individuals and patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).
Methods
This was a prospective observational case-control study. Forty wrists from 20 healthy individuals and 40 wrists from 24 patients with CTS were examined. Patients with CTS were classified into three groups (mild, moderate, and severe CTS) based on electrodiagnostic findings. Using ultrasonography, we measured the distance between the median nerve and ulnar vessels to identify the transverse safe zone, and between the distal flexor retinaculum and superficial palmar artery arch to identify the longitudinal safe zone.
Results
The transverse and longitudinal safe zones were significantly different between participants with CTS and those without CTS. The transverse safe zone significantly differed between the mild and severe CTS groups, while the longitudinal safe zone was not significantly different between the groups. The cross-sectional area of the median nerve negatively correlated with the transverse and longitudinal safe zones.
Conclusion
Transverse and longitudinal safe zones were narrower in patients with CTS than in the healthy group. A significant difference was observed between patients with mild CTS and those with severe CTS. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area of the median nerve was directly proportional to the degree of narrowing of the transverse and longitudinal safe zones.

Citations

• Ultrasound-guided release of carpal tunnel syndrome — Anterograde technique
  Carla Ricardo Nunes, Olivier Marès, Vincent Martinel
  Hand Surgery and Rehabilitation.2025; : 102091.     CrossRef
• USG-Guided Percutaneous Thread Carpal Tunnel Release
  Nishith Kumar, Alfa Shamim Saifi, Upinderjeet Singh, Dharmendra Kumar Singh
  Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging.2024; 34(04): 745.     CrossRef
• Clinical-applied anatomy of the carpal tunnel regarding mini-invasive carpal tunnel release
  Peter Kaiser, Gernot Schmidle, Simone Bode, Ulrike Seeher, Hanne-Rose Honis, Bernhard Moriggl, Elisabeth Pechriggl, Hannes Stofferin, Marko Konschake
  Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.2024; 144(11): 4753.     CrossRef
• Ultrasound-Guided Partial Release of Transverse Carpal Ligament in Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Using a Curved Needle
  Nishith Kumar, Upinderjeet Singh, Dharmendra Kumar Singh, Alfa Shamim Saifi
  Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Ultrasound-guided interventions in primary carpal tunnel syndrome: perineural injection to thread carpal tunnel release
  Nishith Kumar, Shishir Kumar Chandan, Divesh Jalan, Skand Sinha, Binita Jaiswal, Dharmendra Kumar Singh
  The British Journal of Radiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To prove the hypothesis that the parameters of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) during will be more deteriorated in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) than in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).
Methods
This retrospective study reviewed the data of 69 patients (NMS=32, AIS=37) who underwent scoliosis surgery under IONM. The amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and the amplitude and the latency of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were examined. Demographic, preoperative, perioperative and postoperative data were analyzed to determine whether they affected the IONM parameters for each group.
Results
Of the items analyzed, the bleeding amount was the only significant risk factor for SEP latency deterioration in the NMS group only. The amplitude of SEP and MEP did not correlate with the hemodynamic parameters. The NMS/AIS ratios of the bleeding-related parameters were higher in the order of bleeding amount/weight (2.62, p<0.01), bleeding amount/body mass index (2.13, p<0.01), and bleeding amount (1.56, p<0.01). This study suggests that SEP latency is more vulnerable than SEP or MEP amplitude in ischemic conditions during scoliosis surgery.
Conclusion
In NMS patients, it should be considered that the bleeding amount can have a critical effect on intraoperative electrophysiological deterioration.

Citations

• Cerebral Perfusion Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review of Blood Pressure Management in Neurosurgical and Endovascular Aneurysm Interventions
  Shubham Petkar, Vivek Chakole, Roshan Nisal, Vishnu Priya
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Improvement in functional motor scores in patients with non-ambulatory spinal muscle atrophy during Nusinersen treatment in South Korea: a single center study
  Jin A. Yoon, Yuju Jeong, Jiae Lee, Dong Jun Lee, Kyung Nam Lee, Yong Beom Shin
  BMC Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Objective
To evaluate the relationship between femoral muscle volume (FMV) and physiological outcomes after trans-femoral amputations (TFAs) affecting overall locomotor function in patients.
Methods
Seven individuals who underwent TFA and had been using a prosthesis participated in this cross-sectional study. Gait and balance were assessed using clinical tests, such as 10-m walk test, 6-minute walk test, Berg Balance Scale, and automatic balance system. Respiratory gas analysis was performed to check oxygen consumption rate. Five participants were evaluated for bilateral FMV by MR imaging and FMV was reconstructed using three-dimentional remodeling.
Results
In five participants, significant differences were found between the non-involved and involved sides in femur length, total FMV, and functional muscle volume (all p<0.01) in all groups except for the hip adductor volume. The %mean difference between the non-involved and involved sides was 30% for femur length, 52.55% for hip flexor volume, 26.55% for hip adductor volume, 51.86% for hip extensor volume, and 60.21% for knee extensor volume. The hip flexor volume to hip extensor volume ratio in the involved limb and oxygen consumption rate during comfortable gait were negatively correlated (r=-0.96, p=0.04).
Conclusion
In individuals who underwent unilateral TFA, hip girdle muscle imbalance in the involved limbs may be associated with oxygen consumption rate while using a prosthesis.

Objective
To investigate the effects of customized biomechanical foot orthosis (BFO) on kinematic data during gait in patients with hallux valgus (HV) deformities and compare the results with those of a normal control group.
Methods
Ten patients with HV deformities and 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. HV deformity was diagnosed using biomechanical and radiological assessments by a rehabilitation physician. Patients received the customized BFO manufactured at a commercial orthosis laboratory (Biomechanics, Goyang, South Korea) according to the strictly defined procedure by a single experienced technician. The spatiotemporal and kinematic data acquired by the Vicon 3D motion capture system (Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK) were compared between the intervention groups (control vs. HV without orthosis) and between the HV groups (with vs. without orthosis).
Results
The temporal-spatial and kinematic parameters of the HV group were significantly different from those of the control group. After applying BFO to the HV group, significantly increased ranges of plantar flexion motion and hindfoot inversion were observed. Furthermore, the HV group with BFO showed improved gait cadence, walking speed, and stride length, although the results were not statistically significant.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that it is imperative to understand the pathophysiology of HV, and the application of customized BFO can be useful for improving kinematics in HV deformities.

Citations

• HALLUX VALGUS: LICKS AT THE ANKLE JOINTS, BUT BITES AT THE HIP JOINTS?
  UDOCHKINA L.A., KHLEBNIKOV YU.V. , VORONTSOVA O.I., KAPITONOVA M.
  AVICENNA BULLETIN.2023; : 553.     CrossRef

Objective
To determine the appropriate time points to start regular exercise which could reduce age-related anxiety and impaired social behavior.
Methods
For this study, 8-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: no exercise (NoEX), short-term exercise (S-Ex), and long-term exercise (L-Ex) groups. S-Ex-group rats started treadmill exercise at 12 months of age, while L-Ex rats started from at 2 months of age. Exercise rats were forced to walk on the treadmill three times per week, with 1- to 2-day intervals for 10 minutes during the first 2 weeks, at 10 m/min until 17 months of age, and at 8 m/min thereafter. At 19 months of age, behavioral tests were performed to assess the effects of exercise on age-induced behavioral change as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction were done to uncover the mechanism behind the behavioral changes.
Results
Anxiety-like behavior was improved by long-term exercise. Additionally, rats belonging to the S-Ex and L-Ex groups showed improved social behavior and increased curiosity about interesting objects. The qPCR data showed that treadmill exercise suppressed the expression of immediate-early genes in the prefrontal cortex of the aged rats.
Conclusion
This study suggests that long-term exercise represses early response genes, and in this way, it increases resistance to stress, diminishes anxiety-related behavior, and improves social behavior. These findings underscore the need to consider appropriate time to start exercise to prevent stress induced anxiety related behavior.